Treament for the elderly alcoholic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treament for the elderly alcoholic - Assignment Example The focus was on the goals and purposes of treatment of elderly alcoholics and how the services he offered could be accessed. We also discussed a variety of crisis situations followed by a question answer session. The outcome of an hour long interview is enumerated as under in detail. Dr. Cowan emphasized that the problem with alcoholism among the elderly is that it plays into a number of other conditions that a patient has. Alcoholism tends to weaken the immune system of an elderly at such a rapid pace that he gets less time to recover. Assessment is a serious problem, he noted, in part because of the ways in which prescription medication can mask it. This is backed up by the literature (Miller, 2010, p. 318). He described the purpose of treating elderly alcoholics is to get them into a treatment program. â€Å"Often times these kinds of patients don't come in to see me. Mostly one of the children decides that enough is enough and it is time for this person to seek treatment. Bigge st thing that one should have to fight alcoholism is the will. If you don't want to get better, you never will.† He emphasized that another goal of treatment is to involve family members as they provide the key support network for elderly people. He identified this as the main way that the services would be accessed: the patients would be brought in by relatives. Media both print and electronic are also being used by people to curtail alcoholism. Family physicians also guide elderly alcoholic patients to visit a classified health professional. Nevertheless, he said, as with all addiction, there is a great deal of resistance. As a doctor, I have to recognize that and do my best to make the process easier. The goal is to leave the person better off than before. He spent some time talking about the importance of the subject. â€Å"There are studies that show alcoholism among the elderly is very prevalent. It is hidden from view in part because elderly people are hidden from view . Part of the problem is that alcoholism can be confused with any number of other health issues. That is not a reason to step away from the study of this disease. If anything, it is a reason to renew our interest. Any time we see a group in society that is falling through the tracks we need to do everything we can to help them. The elderly are more sensitive to the effects of alcohol for a lot of different reasons and their biochemistry has changed with age. That is an interesting issue which I devote a fair amount of study to. The whole ageing process is fascinating. We're all going to end up there one day, so we should know as much as we can.† Looking at alcohol treatment is important, he said, because there is an indication that the amount of abuse is increasing. Some studies indicate that this is the case (Sirvin and Malamut, 2008, p. 515). Finally, we talked about crisis situations that are compelling people to seek help. Deteriorating health because of alcoholism is a ma jor reason that finally makes a patient to seek treatment. Physiatrists, when consulted by individuals also led them to sea a doctor. Self determination to get rid of the abuses and live a better life also made few people to visit a professional. Relatives also motivated to habitual elderly patients to fight the alcoholism. I found Dr. Cowan to be a very knowledgeable and sincere practitioner. The process and the goals that he described made sense to me. It was fascinating to hear

Crisis analysis- major assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crisis analysis- major assessment - Essay Example There are important areas that have been focused on this subject. Knowing the informational content is a vital responsibility for any crisis communication. Informational content basses on the following principles; what do the authorities know concerning the crisis? What is it that they want people to consent? And how are they going to deliver the information to the people accordingly?. Media also is another based area of concern. The primary task that the management ask themselves is that how will they get their content from them into the minds of the public. Another based field is the assessment of the audience. From the study of the past years, it reveals that a successful progress in crisis communication has been a sector that is growing bearing in mind that not all people are intelligent (Jaques 2007). Due to variations in knowledge, values, and emotions, it gives the assessors very tough time in giving out the information. Basing on what, do they need to reach the people, what they have in their mind already and the effect that will arise the moment they are told about the crisis? Involving the audience also is another aspect that needs to be put into concern. Targeting a deliverable communication at the two-way end and the mode that they need to keep immediate audience active is their worry. Self-assessment gives self-examination on the effect of values, emotions, and political problems relating to crisis management (Coombs 2009). From the definition approaches, there have not been good levels of agreement that demonstrate critically what is a crisis and what the issue is in management. Many writers have analyzed problem management, and it was found to lack clarity. Crisis, on the other hand, has been hard to be defined indecently without the placement of crisis management. The illustration of this by individual scholars shows a thesis that identify a frequent

Should Congress have Term Limits?

Should Congress have Term Limits? Term limits are limitations that restrict the number of years that someone can serve in an elected office. However, there are no limitations of terms for the members of Congress. They are allowed to run for reelection as many times as they want. The founding fathers intended that elections would reflect the political values of citizens and check the power of government. Term limits should be implemented to prevent career politicians because the founding founders never intended politics to become a career. The United States should have a national referendum to propose a constitutional amendment to institute term limits. The founding of the United States was a radical movement by a collection of like-minded individuals who had new ideas of freedom and self-governments. The backgrounds of the founding fathers were varying from scholars, statesmen, industrialists, and businessmen. The juxtaposition of their backgrounds fostered debate, new ideas, consensus, and descent. It can be said the each of the founding fathers were leaders, not only in their communities, but in their fields. Professional politicians were not yet a byproduct of the new American government. Also there were not yet distinct political parties or PACs or super PACs (Political action committees).   In the beginnings of this representative republic most congressmen did not serve more than a couple of terms. Most had lives, families, and business to get back to. They saw serving in congress as a duty and sacrifice in an effort to make the country grow and stronger. Term limits should be introduced to reinforce states’ rights, reduce corruption, and reinvigorate the republic. In the 1990 congressional reelection, voter’s reelected rate of incumbents exceeded ninety-six percent. Voters that disapproved by Congress just stayed at home and didn’t vote because it seemed that there opinion didn’t matter. It also made it difficult for voters to express their opinion about Congress. Two days before the election in 1990, there was a national survey that showed that sixty-nine percent of people did not approve of Congress. Fifty-one percent did approve of the congressmen that were chosen. The 22nd Amendment was added to the constitution in February of 1951. This limited the number of terms a president can serve. Franklin Delano Roosevelt served twelve years. Congress decided that there needed to be an amendment that limits the amount of terms that presidents can serve for. They made this decision not long after Roosevelt’s death. Term limits were put in place to restrict too much executive power. Fifteen states have adopted term limits for their state legislators, but states can’t limit the terms for U.S. Senators. On November third of 1992, in the Arkansas Supreme Court, amendment seventy-three (the term limitation amendment) was adopted by Arkansas voters. This amendment provided for limits of two terms for executive officials and state senators and three terms for state representatives. If someone served two or more terms as a member of the United States Senate from Arkansas, they would be ineligible for re-election as a US Senator from Arkansas, due to the term limitation amendment. â€Å"Its preamble stated: ‘The people of Arkansas find and declare that elected officials who remain in office too long become preoccupied with reelection and ignore their duties as representatives of the people. Entrenched incumbency has reduced voter participation and has led to an electoral system that is less free, less competitive, and less representative than the system established by the Founding Fathers. Therefore, the people of Arkansas, exercising their reserved powers, herein limit the terms of the elected officials.’†. (Stevens 5) In May of 1995, the Supreme Court made a decision ruling 5-4 in United States Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton. The ruling was that â€Å"states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators. In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress† (Stevens 72). Term limits would make it difficult for the federal government to enact rules, laws, create agencies that strip powers from the states, for example EPA (environmental protection agencies), DHS (department of homeland security), DOE (department of education), entitlement programs, earmarks, and subsidies. The Constitutional power that the federal government is responsible for is entering into treaties with foreign governments. They also have the power to wage war, declare war, and win war.   Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States   Constitution , which gives Congress the power â€Å"to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.† Section 8 also explains Congress may have the â€Å"power to lay and collect taxes†, declare war, regulate interstate commerce, coin money, and raise an army. â€Å"When the Framers met in Philadelphia in 1787 and wrote the constitution that governs us today, they addressed that failure and through the commerce and the privileges and immunities clauses that created a national free-trade zone. The original purpose of the commerce clause was primarily a means to eliminate trade barriers among the states. They didnt intend for the commerce clause to govern so much of our lives. Indeed, as James Madison, the father of our Constitution, explained, ‘The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite’†. (Williams 3) The longest someone has served in the Senate is fifty-one years, five months, and twenty-six days. The person who held this record is Robert C. Byrd. John Dingell Jr. served in the House of Representatives for more than fifty-three years.   Congressmen are not there long enough to gain power, or write legislation in the form of tax loop holes. Term limits will break the cycle of career politicians (people building power over time) and facilitate a return to the â€Å"common man† being involved in the political process. They will bring new ideas, new perspective, and reinforce â€Å"of the people, by the people, for the people.†Ã‚   The phrase â€Å"drain the swap† refers to removing career politicians from their elected office.   There are a lot of people who think that America is just filled with a bunch of career politicians, and we need to â€Å"drain the swamp†. Some of these career politicians aren’t accountable to the people. They stop doing what the people want and focus on running for reelection and how they are going to deal with things themselves. â€Å"Term limits in Congress would encourage members of Congress to make their time in office matter.† (Desantis 21). A member of the United States Term Limits advocacy group, Austin Sekel wrote that â€Å"term limits don’t exist to keep people out of office. They exist to make the regular rotation possible, and to create opportunities for new leaders to emerge.†Ã‚  (Sekel 7). Term limits aren’t meant to push people out of Congress. Without term limits, only certain people can run for election. Other citizens don’t have an equal chance of becoming a new congressman, when the same people get reelected every election. The Founding Fathers intended for other people to have a chance to become congressmen, develop new ideas, create opportunities, and become new leaders in America. The Founding Fathers were not career politicians. It is difficult to believe when they were developing the frame work and the foundations of the new republic, that they would purposely develop or create a mechanism that would introduce a class of citizen who would monopolize and control the political process over time. While removing the very strength of the public, by eroding states’ rights and coagulate consolidating power into a central government. The United States of America was built as a representative republic. There should be no career politicians, billion dollar contracts, trillion dollar budgets, or two thousand plus page bills passed by the federal government, with hidden kickbacks, special interest, and earmarks. The only time the federal government meaning the legislature should ever agree on anything should be in the matters of treaties, and war. The federal government was designed so that congress and the senate would find it extremely difficult to build consensus on any issue unless it was a clear and present danger, or such a massive societal shift that you could get more than 60 percent of the citizenry or their representative to agree to a national change. As it stands now, congress has turned into an elite club ran by career politicians, special interest, and power brokers. Instituting term limits would reinvigorate the republic, restore power to the states, and reduce corruption. Works Cited Liedl, Mark B. â€Å"The Case for Limiting Congressional Terms.† The Heritage Foundation, 1 Dec. 1990, www.heritage.org/report/the-case-limiting-congressional-terms. Staff, LII. â€Å"Commerce Clause.† LII / Legal Information Institute, 11 June 2016, www.law.cornell.edu/wex/commerce_clause. Williams, Walter E. â€Å"Commerce Clause Abuse.† Commerce Clause Abuse, 4 Oct. 2003, econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/articles/03/abuse.html. Murse, Tom. â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Imposing Terms Limits for Congress.† ThoughtCo, 9 July 2017, www.thoughtco.com/debate-over-term-limits-for-congress-3367505. U. S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton. Oyez, 24 Apr. 2018, www.oyez.org/cases/1994/93-1456. Stevens. U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)., 22 May 1995, www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-1456.ZO.html. â€Å"The Limits of Term Limits.† Restoration: Congress, Term Limits, and the Recovery of the Deliberative Democracy, by Terry Eastland, pp. 54–55.

Doing Business in Italy Essay -- International Business

Doing business in Italy is very different than in the United States. â€Å"Set to move onto a slow, but steady, path of economic growth;† Italy, at first glance, seems to be a promising business environment with projected increases in GDP per capita in the coming years, according to Business Monitor International (â€Å"Italy Autos Report† 30). However, there are many cultural, administrative, geographic and economic differences that make the business environment much different than that in the US. Generally dominated by domestic carmakers, mainly Fiat S.p.A., the auto industry in Italy doesn’t look very appealing for new firms because of the high barriers to entry. However, foreign carmakers like Ford have managed to penetrate the Italian market, with vehicles like the Fiesta, by focusing on small fuel efficient cars. Furthermore, Italy faces many problems that makes it a less attractive place for business; such as â€Å"low business productivity, insuff icient investment in high technology industries, disadvantageous demographics, and the labour market.(â€Å"Italy Autos Report† 31)† Although the automotive market in Italy doesn’t show much room for sales growth as shown by a high car ownership per capita. In 2009, mostly due to government incentives, the auto market saw a more moderate drop in sales than in the previous year (fig. 1). According to the Business Monitor International total auto sales is forecasted to surpass 2.58 million units by 2014 (â€Å"Italy Autos Report† 27). Taking into account Ghemawat’s four dimensions of distance; culture, administrative, geographic and economic shows that while there are costs and risks associated with doing business in Italy there are also advantages. English is taught early as a secondary languag... ... both advantages and disadvantages. The current auto market, mostly dominated by domestic players due to the consumers loyalty toward domestic brands, shows very little appeal for new entrants. Some foreign carmakers, Ford for example, are showing signs of growth in this market. Ford has been able to do this by appealing to the consumers desire, for small affordable cars. Works Cited "Italy Autos Report - Q1 2010. " Italy Autos Report 1 Jan. 2010: ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry, ProQuest. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Italy - Labor. Encyclopedia of the Nations. 28 Feb. 2014. . Potesta, Sandra. How to do Business in Italy. Feb. 2007. 28 Feb. 2014. . Welcome to Italy. 28 Feb. 2014. .

Great expectations †review of three film versions Essay

In my English lessons I have been reading great expectations as part of my pro 1914-prose study, and have chosen to do my media assignment on film adaptations of the book. I will be comparing and contrasting the three film versions, David Leans 1945 film is the eldest version which is in black and white, the BBC serialisation and the latest BBC film version, and the original novel. I will structure my essay by writing about different areas of the adaptations e. g. soundtrack, first with similarities then differences between the versions. Sequencing: The sequencing of the opening scene of great expectations adaptations are all quite similar except the latest BBC adaptation, the David Lean and BBC serialisation have the same sequencing, book so it is unlike the 2 other film versions. The David Lean film and BBC serialisation have the sequencing almost of the book so tell the story in the same way as Charles Dickens did. While the David lean version is more compact due to time limitations and the BBC serialisations has more detail they both tell the same set of events in the same way. And only differ from the book in the very beginning where they show Pip the central character in the book running across the marshes to the church, where the book starts in the churchyard. The latest BBC version is very different form the book and two other adaptations in it’s sequencing, it starts with Pip running away from the convict across a wheat field, when the convict catches up with Pip in the graveyard, he asks no questions about his parents or where he lives like the book. It then switches straight to Pip running home across the marshes, when he arrives home events from the second chapter take place when the events of the first haven’t finished being explained. The rest of the sequences of the opening chapter take place as flashbacks while pips sleeping. Soundtrack: As with the sequencing the sound track for the latest BBC adaptation is very different to the other two versions as it has a different set of sequencing. The David lean version and BBC serialisations soundtrack are quite similar but the advances in technology makes the serialisation far more advanced than the older David lean version. The David Lean version soundtrack starts with the opening of the book being narrated by an older version of Pip as the younger version crosses the marshes. The BBC serialisation soundtrack is similar to the David Lean version as it begins with narration by an older version of pip as he crosses the marshes. And the latest BBC version soundtrack is very different to the other two, as it starts with quiet music and Pips heavy breathing and rustling as he is running away from the convict. The arrival of the convict is very similar in the David Lean version and BBC serialisation soundtrack with the same build up, whistling winds and creaking trees make up a tense atmosphere, which is shattered by the arrival of the Convict. This is very different in the Latest BBC version. The arrival of the Convict in the David Lean version soundtrack is marked by him grabbing Pip and Pip screaming, the convict then threatens Pip in the following dialogue. Then the convict turns him upside down a lot of rustling and jingling from the convict’s chain on his leg. The convict then demands items from Pip in the following dialogue while eating an apple and breathing heavily. At the end of the scene where Pip is running home across the marshes, the whistling winds from the graveyard are heard again. The arrival of the Convict in BBC serialisation soundtrack is different to the David Lean version you hear Pip trip and as he gets he catches sight of the convict and takes a surprised breath. The convict then moves toward him you can hear the chain on his leg jingle with every step he takes, he then talks to Pip. He shakes Pip lot’s of jingling and grunting, when he resumes dialogue with Pip he is eating a piece of bread. Just before the end of the scene the convict threats Pip speaking in a whisper, then walks of to bouncy music with his chain jingling. The Convict is introduced in the latest BBC version soundtrack by Pip falling with a thud, trying to hide breathing deeply. The Convict catches up breathing heavily and his chain jingling with his footsteps, as the Convict finds Pip, Pip lets out a scream then the convict say’s a short amount of dialogue. The David Lean and BBC serialisation soundtracks are quite similar but the Serialisation has the advantage of longer running time and detail and better technology, the only difference is the whistling wind at the end of the scene in the David Lean versions apposed to the bouncy music of the convicts departure in the BBC serialisation. The latest BBC version soundtrack is a far shorter and more condensed in the opening scene than the other two adaptations. Also large amounts of dialogue are missed out, even thought it befits from the best technology and methods out of the three adaptations it has the shortest and in my opinion worst soundtrack. Meise en scene: Meise en scene is French for what you can see such as characters, props and scenery. The main way to see the difference in the interpretation of the book in the adaptations is by what and how they present characters and locations on screen. As with the sequencing and sound tracking the David Lean version and BBC serialisation are very similar with few differences although the David Lean version is in black and white and the latest BBC version is very different to both of them. The David Lean version starts with the 1st page of Great Expectations opening then the rest of the pages blowing over. The BBC serialisation opens with some flowers on the book cover of Great Expectations wilting away, it is different to the David Lean opening but is clearly influenced by it. The latest BBC films different sequencing means different images appearing on screen at different time compared to the other two adaptations. It opens with Pip running through a golden wheat field, looking back over his shoulder, his face is dirty and his clothes are hard worn showing that he is a person of lower class in society. This is very different to the other two versions, which show the name of the film/book before the film begins. While the latest BBC version starts in the thick of the story. The appearance of the Convict is very similar in all three versions, which hold true to the book description ‘ A fearful man, all in course grey, with a great iron on his leg’. The David Lean version while holding true to the book description but makes the Convict more frightening to the audience than the other two versions, as it is limited to black and white to make an impact. The BBC serialisation shows the convict more as a worn out exhausted figure that is more likely to make audiences fell sorry for him than be frightened. He is truer to the description laid down in the book than the other to versions down the blackened face and rag tied around his head. The Convict in the latest BBC version is a cross between the two other versions he is more frightening in appearance than the BBC serialisation Convict, but less true to the books description and more detailed than the David Lean versions Convict. Conclusion: After watching and reviewing all three-film adaptations, I have decided in my opinion that the BBC serialisation is the best adaptation of the book. Because of the level of detail that tells the story as well and in the same fashion that made the book such a large success, I find it an excellent alternative or compliment to reading the novel.

Social Organized Crime Perspective

Social Organized Crime Perspective Social Organized Crime Perspective Social institution is a group of people or association with a certain reason, objective, or mission. This organization reaches its goal by influencing and persuading people in the public to take part, and help with reaching this purpose. Social institution applies to organized crime in various ways. Criminal organizations develop in areas that show a portion of individuals living within the jurisdiction are interested in a product that the criminal organization is offering. This is crucial as it enables the organization to effectively generate, dispense, and consume the product (Lyman & Potter, 2007). Additionally, criminal organizations target the community's social makeup, control the community has socially on its members, and the level of involvement each community member has among the rest. Furthermore, criminal organizations develop tight relations with lawful businesses and owners willing to play a part in the organizations accomplishment (Lyman ; Potter, 2007). There are empirical and speculative theories that are can be applied to organized crime and criminal behavior. Individuals involved with organized crime in Sicily and Italy had formed criminal organizations such as the â€Å"Sicilian Mafia† or â€Å"Cosa Nostra†. These persons came to the United States to avoid detection and apprehension by law enforcement in their own country, and to gain opportunities that the United States provided both legally and illegally. Upon migrating to the United States these groups began to organize, and operate many criminal organizations. It is believed that these individuals have been the main cause for the establishing of organized crime (Osmosis, 2003). The social control theory asserts that an individual who is involved with a community and has strong family relations will be less likely to engage in illegal activity than those who do not. If an individual is capable of establishing a positive rapport with community members, becomes involved and participates in community programs, such as youth, elderly, religious-spiritual, and anti-crime, the individual will most likely refrain from engaging in criminal activity or at the very least consider the consequences of a criminal act prior to committing the act (Psychological Glossary, 2010). The differential association theory considers one's social group and environment as the fundamental explanation for one's criminal behavior and the formation and joining of criminal organizations. An individual who socializes with a group or other individuals who have a history with the legal system or who engage in illegal activity are at an extremely higher risk to conform to the norms of that particular social sub-group. A prime example is a teenager who becomes involved in delinquent criminal behavior and activity as a result of peer pressure. These juveniles are susceptible to withdrawing from school, joining criminal organizations, such as street gangs, and experimenting with illegal substances and alcohol, all of which continues the juvenile down a path of addiction, career criminality, and a long criminal history into adulthood (Sutherland, 1978). The strain and anomie theory believes that individuals who engage in criminal activity do so as a result of wanting a piece of the American dream or to obtain materialistic items of value. A majority of individuals within the United States never experience the luxury of owning a fancy vehicle, house, business, or property. Most individuals residing in the United States are forced to work labor intensive jobs, receive a low paying wage, are parents who must provide and support families, and do so through legal means. Unfortunately, the desire to achieve items of value, provide a better life for one's children, such as the purchasing of school cloths, vacations, and after school activities can force some to conduct illegal business for the purpose of gaining an additional income (Sutherland, 1978). The empirical and speculative theories discussed, such as the social control, differential association, and strain and anomie theories can assist researchers, society, professionals, and law enforcement with understanding the elements that exist in different criminal organizations and criminal behavior. Each theory is supported by research, statistics, strong arguments, and facts that can be used by law enforcement in numerous ways. Theories as such display characteristics and mannerisms common in criminal behavior, along with what geographical locations are susceptible to the development of criminal organizations and activity. Furthermore, jurisdictions, in which its citizens are antisocial or uninvolved with the community, prove to be breeding grounds for many types of criminal wrongdoing that exists. References Lyman, M. , & Potter, G. (2007). Organized Crime (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Osmosis. (2003). Everything: Historical interpretations on Prohibition and organized crime. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from http://everything2. com/title/Historical+interpretations+on+Prohibition+and+organized+crime Psychological Glossary. (2010). Social Control Theory. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from http://www. psychology-lexicon. com/cms/glossary/glossary-s/social-control-theory. html Sutherland, E. (1978). Differential Association Theory: Sociological Theories of Deviance. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from http://www. d. umn. edu/~jhamlin1/sutherland. html

Der Spinnst Fuhrer essays

Der Spinnst Fuhrer essays In the days of the depression, countries needed strong leaders. But very few countries were acctually able to obtain such skill. But one man stepped forward, and he turned Germany's economy completely around casuing it to be the first to escape the depression. Hitler was this awesome icon, whom saved Germany and was loved by all of Germany in return. Almost everyone knows of his atrocities during World War Two, but few know why he was able to do this. Hitler's complex childhood and even more so complex adult hood caused his choices to be erratic and by in far misinformed. Perhaps we should take a look into his life. Starting with his childhood. A young catholic school boy lives with his parents and only sister in the country side of Austria. Noone ever expected what he was to do with his life. Adolf was born to Alois Schickelgruber and Klara Hitler in Braunau on April 29th 1889. He had two other siblings, one of whom died at birth, the other not very long after. Alois was a customs official, illegitimate by birth, and Klara was simply a housewife. Hitler had a very stable childhood, even though his father was quite strict. But still his childhood was not as innocent as it may have seemed. When Hitler was 3, his family moved to Germany and lived on the Germanic bank of the Inn river. Soon after, his family moved near a Benedictine monestary, which had a Swastika on it's coat of arms. This is where it is believed he had taken the symbol for use in his Nazi flag. In 1903, Alois died after suffering a pleural hemorrhage, and Klara developed terminal breast cancer three years later. Hitler suffered an infection of the lung aswell, he blamed his father, or rather the jewish in his father, for this and most of his problems. Hitler would also constantly read anything he could get his hands on, pamphlets, books, magazines, and would event sit in on parliment meetings. He even went to th...

crayfish essays

crayfish essays Crayfish are in the phylum Arthropod, and in the subphylum Crustacea. Arthropods have jointed appendages, segmented bodies, an exoskeleton, and a ventral nervous system. Arthropods have bilateral symmetry, and consist of 90% of the animal population ranging from spiders, to insects, to scorpions, to crayfish. Arthropods generally grow by molting their exoskeletons in a process called ecdysis. Movement of appendages is controlled primarily by a complex muscular system. There are 4 lines of evolution from arthropods: trilobite, crustacea, chelicerta, and uniramia. Crustacea includes approximately 30,000 species ofthis subphylum. Most are aquatic; of these, the majority are marine but some are found in fresh water. Members of the Subphylum include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, copepods, barnacles, and several other groups of organisms. All have two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, a pair of compound eyes, and a pair of appendages on each body segment. Crustacea have har d exoskeletons containing calcium carbonate, and are smaller animals. Some examples are barnacles, sow bugs, or isopods. Crayfish have bodies separated into 2 sections-the cephalothorax, and the abdomen. Crayfish have and open circulatory system, and the heart pumps to 7 large vessels with a central nervous system. They live in freshwater environments, such as a pond, stream, or marsh. They are nocturnal, and are most active at night. Crayfish are considered scavengers, and eat insects, small fish, and plants. In this lab, they ate green beans, carrots, and for protein chicken. Their gills must be kept moist, but can stay our of water for short periods of time. Their social behavior is not classified as party animals. The most aggressive crayfish is usually the dominant one, who receives the most desirable territory. Aggression is natural behavior in crayfish either directed at each other or anything that resembles a threat. The obj...

Quotes to Help You Celebrate Everyday Life

Quotes to Help You Celebrate Everyday Life You wake up every morning, wondering what the day has in store for you. It could be a fun day full of happy surprises, new friendships, and accomplishment, or it could be a lousy day with the boss yelling at you, your car breaking down, or your cat running off. Some days are good; some not so good. However, life is always good. Albert Einstein said, In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. If you look at life positively, you may find that a hurdle is a stepping stone to success. Instead of making excuses, you find reasons to succeed. Each failure teaches us important lessons in life. Successes and failures are part of life. Recharge your soul with positive thinking. Start your day by affirming that life is good. Quotes that build positive energy are great stress busters. Quotes Helen Keller: So long as the memory of certain beloved friends lives in my heart, I shall say that life is good.Dan Brookoff: Pain does not have a moral value. Drugs do not have a moral value. Life is good; to be cherished, promoted and supported. We, as physicians, should not be moralizing about pain or its treatments.Euripides: There is just one life for each of us: our own.Boris Pasternak: The great majority of us are required to live a life of constant duplicity. Your health is bound to be affected if, day after day, you say the opposite of what you feel,  if you grovel before what you dislike, and rejoice at what brings you nothing but misfortune.Doug Horton: Life is good when we think its good. Life is bad when we dont think.Samuel Johnson: Almost every man wastes part of his life in attempts to display qualities which he does not possess  and to gain applause which he cannot keep.Bertrand Russell: The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge.Jason Zebehazy : Three things are needed for a good life: good friends, good food, and good song. Winston Churchill: We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give.Ann Landers: Nobody gets to live life backward. Look ahead. That is where your future lies.Steven Coallier: Attack life; its going to kill you anyway.Claude Pepper: Life is like riding a bicycle. You dont fall off unless you plan to stop peddling.Ralph Waldo Emerson: It is not the length of life but the depth of life.Samuel Butler: All of the animals except for man know that the principle business of life is to enjoy it.Josh Billings: Life consists not in holding good cards but in playing those you hold well.Albert Schweitzer: A great secret of success is to go through life as a man who never gets used up.Abraham Lincoln: And in the end, its not the years in your life that count. Its the life in your years.Isak Dinesen: Difficult times have helped me to understand better than before, how infinitely rich and beautiful life is in every way, and that so many things that one goes worrying about are of no i mportance whatsoever. Albert Einstein: There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.Karl Wallenda: Being on the tightrope is living; everything else is waiting.Buddha: On lifes journey, faith is nourishment, virtuous deeds are a shelter, wisdom is the light by day, and right mindfulness is the protection by night. If a man lives a pure life, nothing can destroy him.Sid Caesar: In between goals is a thing called life that has to be lived and enjoyed.Lou Holtz: Never tell your problems to anyone. 20 percent dont care and the other 80 percent are glad you have them.Dr. Seuss: Be who you are and say what you feel because those who mind dont matter and those who matter dont mind.Alexander Graham Bell: When one door closes, another opens, but we often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door that we do not see the one that has opened for us.

Listening Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Listening Assignment - Essay Example ue Note Label recording company and it had a unique characteristic of being comprised of young players such as Bobby Timmons and Lee Morgan who played for the band in their early twenties . The band leader Art was commonly known for his hard hitting style of drumming and together with his band he made a revolution of bebop and later oversaw its transition into hard bop style of jazz (Lesslie 23). They toured many parts of the world such as the Netherlands, Japan, France and Belgium where they enjoyed a large fan base. In 1958, the band made a memorable live performance in Brussels Belgium where they performed tracks such as â€Å"Just By Myself†, â€Å"Moaning†, â€Å"I Remember Clifford†, â€Å"A Night In Tunisia†, â€Å"It’s You or No One†, â€Å"Whisper Not†, and â€Å"NY Theme† (Lesslie 36). This paper will focus more on the performances of the first four listed tracks, giving a vivid description of the performance, the various jazz styles the players incorporate in each of the tracks and also the role of the instruments used in the tracks. â€Å"Just By Myself† was a live jazz performance in 1958 by Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers in Olympia Paris. A Benny Golson’s composition, â€Å"Just By Myself† was the opening performance of the Olympia concert. The band members are looking sharp with black suits. The five-minute performance starts right on the melody by a powerful drumming by the band’s leader and drummer Arthur Blakey who is rested sitting behind a Gretsch sparkle set. The song’s style is soft jazz and the piano sets the mood for smooth transitions of the bass guitar and the piano. Lee Morgan is the first soloist, his pitch and tone is spot on for twenty-year old musician. Benny Golson’s who is the second soloist starts with his famous long lines and quickly progresses with short quicker ones. He appears forceful, but rich in content. Bobby Timmons who is the final soloist appears more boppish than usual, but his skill on the keys is exceptionally

Literature Review -why we went to war in Iraq Research Paper

Literature Review -why we went to war in Iraq - Research Paper Example Hussein, indiscriminate killing, large-scale unemployment, loss of basic infrastructure, lack of law-enforcement, and armed resistance, made the country’s future appear bleak. This is particularly true for the most vulnerable sections of Iraqi society: the children, women and old people (Ismael, 2007). The classical Just War tradition with ethical criteria for pre-emptive war, is not adequately filled by the Bush Administration’s use of military force in the attack it led against Iraq, as part of the war against global terrorism. The doctrine of pre-emptive war in the case of Iraq fails vital ethical tests (Wester 20). The theoretical framework of the doctrine of Just War related to the concept of an unavoidable war to protect humanitarian rights, forms a useful tool for analysis. The doctrine includes international laws on the use of armed force in combat. â€Å"Beyond strict assessments of the legality of war, Just War doctrine is concerned with the broader notion of justice† (Enemark & Michaelson 545). The Just War doctrine is based on the principle that the inevitable death and destruction caused by war results in the burden of proof falling on those who advocate the use of armed force. The two dimensions to Just War doctrine are: jus ad bellum or the justice of going to war, and jus in bello or the just conduct of war. The six interconnected jus ad bellum criteria combine together to make the going to war a fair intervention. They are: â€Å"Just Cause, Right Authority, Right Intention, Reasonable Prospect of Success, Proportionate Cause, and War as a Last Resort† (Enemark & Michaelson 545). Flint & Falah (p.1379) support the view that America’s construction of a Just War was deceptively based on â€Å"prime morality† by functioning at the level of individuals and humankind rather than at interstate power politics. The researchers found that the geographic assumptions of just war theory could not apply in the case of Iraq, and they explain the hegemonic

Review and Critically Evaluate the Relevance and Contribution of HR to Essay

Review and Critically Evaluate the Relevance and Contribution of HR to Organisational Success and Effective Change Management - Essay Example Armstrong defines human resource management as a â€Å"strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisation’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives† (cited in Stolt, 2010, p.2). This paper will critically evaluate the relevance and contribution of HR to organisational success and effective change management. Contribution of HR to organisational success In the today’s competitive business environment, HR plays a pivotal role in determining the organisation’s operational efficiency and profitability. As Wright (2003) believes, many of the corporate scandals over the last few decades can be attributed to the failure of HR. A number of studies have indicated that HR evidently contributes to organisational success. Importance of service sector has been steadily increasing for the last two decades and hence the economy tends to be more service based. Hence, it is essential for organisations engaged in service sector to keep their workers motivated and productive. According to Valencia (n.d), there is a close connection between employee motivation and employee productivity. Studies point that financial incentives and other employee benefits are the best ways to keep employees motivated. A firm’s HR management deals with all types of employee benefits including healthcare, retirement, dependent care, college tuition, and worksite accident claims (NC Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). In addition to employee benefits that are mandated by law, organisations voluntarily provide their employees with some additional benefits. For this purpose, HR managers explore employees’ actual family needs and thereby make the firm’s employee benefits packages flexible enough to help the company save money (Reference for Business, 2012). Even in manufacturing and traditional industries, competitiveness has become o ne of the major determinants of organisational success and therefore firms in these sectors frame strategies that facilitate economic and effective use of their resources. It is evident that human capital is the most important resource of an organisation and hence effective HR strategies would assist the firm to make its employees more productive. Increased productivity would directly contribute to an increase in revenues and thereby profitability. In the view of Cohen et al (n.d), HR is a better strategy to ensure the firm’s long term sustainability. Evidences suggest that improved HR would be beneficial for an organisation to eliminate unnecessary costs resulting from production wastage, employee motivation programs, and rigorous sequence of quality checks (The Strategic Human Resource Management Model, n.d). HR system aids an organisation to ensure that its training programs are designed on the basis of focused and topical methods (Management study guide, n.d). Deb (2006) opines that effective human resource management may be a potential way to encourage employee creativity and thereby seize more expansional opportunities. When an employee is allowed to use his creativity, he may get the feeling that ‘it is my organisation’ and such an employee’s view would directly contribute to organisational productivity. In order to ensure organisational su

Ticks and the Lyme Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ticks and the Lyme Disease - Essay Example Lyme disease is one of the major disease transmitted by the tick, the tick however only acts as the agent and the main reservoir of the disease causing bacteria are rodents and birds, this disease is in sometime relatively difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar with those of other viral infections, however the unique symptom is the red rash that appears but may not appear in all individuals infected. Ticks have four developmental stages and this include the egg which develops into larva, the larva develops into a nymph and finally the nymph develops into an adult, in order to develop to the next stage a tick has to feed on blood, the nymph ticks have 6 legs but when they have grown to the last stage the number of legs increase to eight legs, the inability to jump or fly makes them wait for their host in areas where the host frequent. Therefore Ticks are mostly found in tall grass where they wait for their host, they attach to the host foot and climb up the host and find an appropriate spot where they attach themselves on the skin of the animal, for a few days they will feed on blood until they are full where they will drop off the animal. The disease is usually transmitted by ticks in the nymph stage, this is because the adult tick is easily detected and removed. Ticks that transmit the disease carry and transmit Borrelia bacteria. However the tick may also carry other parasites which cause the other tick borne diseases, The Borrelia bacteria have a life cycle and rodents and birds act as reservoirs of the bacteria, the rodent and bird feeding ticks will take a blood feed and transmit the bacterial to humans, as a result the ticks are only agents of the bacteria. This bacterium is susceptible to many antibiotics especially if treatment is delayed. Parts of the body they infect: Ticks will feed on a host, the tick will stick on the skin of a host and take a blood feed, this leads to a bacteria infection which passes on to the bloodstream of the host, a red spot appears at the point where the tick bites and this is due to the Borrelia bacteria infection. The Borrelia bacteria invade cultured cells which include Fibroblasts, Endothelium, Lymphocytes, Keratinocytes macrophages and neuronal cells. By hiding in these cells the bacteria is able to invade the immune system and therefore treatment with antibiotics becomes difficult. When treatment is delayed the bacteria causes a chronic infection because it evades the immune system. How illness is contracted: During the first stage of infection the red rash appears on the spot where the infection occurs, this rash becomes larger over time in some time other spots may appear in other parts of the body, weeks after infection the bacteria enters the blood stream and therefore the rashes may develop in other parts of the body, migrating muscle pains, joint pains may also be experienced as the infection spreads in other parts of the body. Changes in the heart beat may also be experienced and this may cause dizziness as infection spread. Symptoms: In the first stage a red rash appear on the bite site which is painless, however it is estimated that one

Starbucks Management Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Starbucks Management Strategy - Essay Example However, the global financial crisis slowed down the economy; many similar competitors entered the market and downplayed Starbucks by offering low priced, high quality coffee. Since Starbucks’s establishment this was the first time that its growth slowed down and in 2007, its stock value dropped down by almost 50 %. In 2008, its net revenue growth saw a decline of 11% compared to the previous years. Customer/ target audience of Starbucks: Starbucks targets a diverse audience. The fragments of target audience are different based on products that Starbucks provides. However, Starbuck’s overall target audience can be defined as men and women whose age is between 18 to 60 years and who consume coffee or enjoy special beverages that are offered by Starbucks. Starbucks appeals to these target age groups through contemporary and clean designs that are presented in a consistent way in its product and package designs, interior of the store and advertising. For young adults whose age is between18 and 24, Starbucks positions itself as a place where college students can study, write, read and hang out with others. This target market tends to grow by 4.6% every year. The targeted age group for Starbucks is 24- 60 years which includes people living in urban areas who have professional careers with relatively higher incomes and are socially responsive individuals who care about sustainability and environment. This target audience grows at a rate of 3 percent annually. Both these age groups consider customer service and experience at the retail store with the brand as important. The company’s offerings are targeted relatively to higher income individuals who are people who go to Tim Horton’s or McDonalds. The journey (The process and how... This essay stresses that Starbucks’ reward program operates by giving a customer a Starbucks gift card so that he can register it online and reload the money to continue using it after he finishes the amount of money that comes preloaded in the gift card. After he registers card, he gets a star on every transaction and after gaining 5 stars he gets to the green level. Reaching the green level gives certain advantages to the customer. When a customer collects 30 stars, a Starbucks gold card is made which has engraved on it the cardholder’s name. After obtaining the gold card, with every 15 stars the customers gets a free beverage coupon. This report makes a conclusion that this is a good idea to reward customers. Also, providing a personalized slick design of the Starbucks gold card made its customers feel more attached to the company. Starbucks also created iPhone apps called â€Å"My Starbucks†, which allows customers to register their card number on the phone and which can be used to make payments when customers forget to bring their card to the store. Social responsibility is being implemented both outside and inside the company’s stores. Starbucks started to use reusable cups and cup holders with environmental friendly materials as much as possible. Also, they pushed themselves hard to mark their role in supporting fair trade coffee and markets. The company’s clean packaging of coffee beans also gives a good impression to the customers.

My View of American Undergraduate Culture Essay

My View of American Undergraduate Culture - Essay Example My View of American Undergraduate Culture The book mentioned that, after fifteen years of teaching anthropology at a large university. Therefore Nathan decided to do what anthropologists do when confused by a different culture: Go live with them. She enrolled as a freshman, moved into the dorm, ate in the dining hall, and took a full load of courses. And she came to understand that being a student is a pretty tricky job,too. Since everyone's campus experience is brand new and different, I am going talk about somethings she did not mention in her book. Moreover I would like to discuss something she mentioned, because I have an differing view on those things (Bryson 93). Rebekah Nathan intended to participate in every step of being a freshman. And she was trying to learn how to integrate into campus life, in order to touch students better. During this particular type of research, Rebekah Nathan tried her best to observe all the details around. For example, "at the first day of the new semester, every freshman had to go to the designated place, because they should check in and get keys of their dorms. While Rebekah Nathan got the key, her roommate was a little depressed, because she knew that her roommate was not a girl who got a similar age to herself. However, when Rebekah was looking at her roommate, her roommate was still smiling to Rebekah.This is only a part of her experiences, she also participated in activities as many as she could, on account of understanding students' thoughts. In addition, she tried to communicate with other students on her own initiative, as she wanted to know what they were doing everyday and how students manage their college lives. Nathan spend much of book discussing individual student experiences and not much time on peer groups. I consider that Rebekah Nathan does not involve every type of situations, hence I am going talk about something she did not cover (Nathan 56). Gym is the first step for me to learn of American undergraduate culture, because this place is a public place for all the students to exercise, no mater where you are from or what language you speak, students just play together. Additionally, in my opinion, it is more comfortable to playful learn, because it is a kind of leavening influence. For instance, when I just came to UConn, I was too shy to talk to any American student. However, one of my Chinese friends told me that I could go to the gym, people in gym were pretty nice and easy to talk, because when you were playing with them, it meant that you guys had same hobby, therefore it would be easier to communicate. After I arrive at gym, I straightly walked to the basketball place, because I played it a lot when I was in high school, and it was also my most adept movement. I stood on the sidelines, a little while, some American students ask me if I wanted to play together, I said" Sure!"with nodding. During the game, a strong guy ran me down incautiously, but he put the ball down and help me up rapidly with saying" Sorry." From the se point, I found that American students were greatly friendly in human behavior. To communicate with American students is the most orderly way to learn of American undergraduate culture.Since I was a truly freshman, I was easier to communicate with American students than Rebekah Nathan. As I was talking to my American friends, I found that American students could say anything they want. Sometimes they even played joke of their won country, it really shocked me, because in my country, people all

Starbucks Management Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Starbucks Management Strategy - Essay Example However, the global financial crisis slowed down the economy; many similar competitors entered the market and downplayed Starbucks by offering low priced, high quality coffee. Since Starbucks’s establishment this was the first time that its growth slowed down and in 2007, its stock value dropped down by almost 50 %. In 2008, its net revenue growth saw a decline of 11% compared to the previous years. Customer/ target audience of Starbucks: Starbucks targets a diverse audience. The fragments of target audience are different based on products that Starbucks provides. However, Starbuck’s overall target audience can be defined as men and women whose age is between 18 to 60 years and who consume coffee or enjoy special beverages that are offered by Starbucks. Starbucks appeals to these target age groups through contemporary and clean designs that are presented in a consistent way in its product and package designs, interior of the store and advertising. For young adults whose age is between18 and 24, Starbucks positions itself as a place where college students can study, write, read and hang out with others. This target market tends to grow by 4.6% every year. The targeted age group for Starbucks is 24- 60 years which includes people living in urban areas who have professional careers with relatively higher incomes and are socially responsive individuals who care about sustainability and environment. This target audience grows at a rate of 3 percent annually. Both these age groups consider customer service and experience at the retail store with the brand as important. The company’s offerings are targeted relatively to higher income individuals who are people who go to Tim Horton’s or McDonalds. The journey (The process and how... This essay stresses that Starbucks’ reward program operates by giving a customer a Starbucks gift card so that he can register it online and reload the money to continue using it after he finishes the amount of money that comes preloaded in the gift card. After he registers card, he gets a star on every transaction and after gaining 5 stars he gets to the green level. Reaching the green level gives certain advantages to the customer. When a customer collects 30 stars, a Starbucks gold card is made which has engraved on it the cardholder’s name. After obtaining the gold card, with every 15 stars the customers gets a free beverage coupon. This report makes a conclusion that this is a good idea to reward customers. Also, providing a personalized slick design of the Starbucks gold card made its customers feel more attached to the company. Starbucks also created iPhone apps called â€Å"My Starbucks†, which allows customers to register their card number on the phone and which can be used to make payments when customers forget to bring their card to the store. Social responsibility is being implemented both outside and inside the company’s stores. Starbucks started to use reusable cups and cup holders with environmental friendly materials as much as possible. Also, they pushed themselves hard to mark their role in supporting fair trade coffee and markets. The company’s clean packaging of coffee beans also gives a good impression to the customers.

Stock Market Vs. Gambling Essay Example for Free

Stock Market Vs. Gambling Essay The difference between gambling and buying stocks of companies is that you are betting on the future of the company and you have records you can research. If something terrible happens to the country, like a natural disaster, stocks will go down. If the country does well, the stock market will most likely go up. The key to doing well in the stock market is to research the companies you are trying to buy stock in. If you just pick a couple random companies to invest your well-earned money in, it would be more like gambling. It is possible to lose a large sum of money buying stocks if a company that was once flourishing has something bad happen. For example, those who owned stock in BP were probably doing all right until they had a vessel drop hundreds of thousands of oil into the gulf. Gambling in a casino, on the other hand is completely different. The house always a edge, and even though the edge is slim it still makes it so that the house will always win in the long run. If you are gambling in Vegas you better be using money you are willing to lose. In conclusion, if you do your homework and research and choose your stock right, more likely than not you will be making money. One thing is for sure I would feel safer tying my money up in the stock market than at the blackjack table.

Design Symbolism in Museum Architecture

Design Symbolism in Museum Architecture Altes Museum in Berlin was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1830s. They way is has been done inflected many architects work. From this building, we could feel Schinkel desires to provide the people who lived in or visited his buildings with subtle spatial experiences and consider the relationship of building with their landscape settings. He diverted the focus of architectural concern away from the design of facades as two-dimensional graphic compositions and towards ideas exploiting the three dimensions of space together with a fourth that of movement in time. This implied a richer and more complex conception of architecture, one that was not merely preoccupied with issues of style and proportion. When you walk into this museum, the first thing you will notice is broad stair upwards and 18 ionic columns in elevation. Columns are sandwiched between a podium and an entablature. As you climb the broad steps, you will go through these ionic columns which form an 87 meters long portico with statues along the side. This is the moment you feel you are not only the observer but a part of this architecture or a participant in this spatial experience. There are options for further movement. You could walk through the rotunda which is the heart of the building, and then go into the galleries. Or you could turn left or right then climb up the stairs to the upper level straightly; you could look back through the double layer of columns to the outside or into the rotunda. It is a great in-between space which connected outdoor landscape and inside world. You could literally see through the space, smell the fresh air, and feel the hierarchy and transparency of the layout Schinkel carefully ar ranged. Also, you could feel you are part of this experience by being in the spatial transition and connection. This building is not merely a matter of visual appearance and sculptural form but is also an instrument for orchestrating experience, it designed to take people move up and down, inside and outside by stairs, change their view by through columns and levels. POMPIDOU CENTRE The George Pompidou Centre in Paris built between 1970 and 1977 by the architect Renzo Piano Richard Rogers. The building housed arts, books and contemporary recreation. The site of this project was a massive car park. Rogers and Piano won the competition; theirs first plan is to use the half of the space available leaving the rest as a forecourt. The decision actually became the most successful one in the design. The structure of Pompidou Centre is simple and repetitive. The architects put the functional parts which would normally be inside on the outside of building. All the building faà §ade covered with glass, which both reflex and absolve the city. Six walkways have been installed on every floors facing to the forecourt and the city centre. Outside of the structure frame, the huge escalator was placed which transport visitors up to the fifth level. These two super layers on the frame of the building give the visitor a kind of industrial image. People moving through the transpierced tube to get the floor they want to go to. It is not only a building with skeletonal volume and providing sufficient wall structure but also the huge lattice truss provides the flexibility. The architects decide to build a flexible shelter and provide public space to wait and see, rather than make a monument or cultural space at the first place. The forecourt is as important as the building to people. It is a real livable urban space in the dense environment. It also makes the building more belong to the city. The forecourt has a gentle slope; force visitors pass the entrance area slowly. There is no significant separation between the forecourt and the lobby. The ground level is also a huge open space with no columns, where people could feel the continuity of space. The forecourt introduces the centre and the entrance is the continuity of the city. The forecourt also exhibits the life of the city, so too do the faà §ades. The walkways is not only free circulation space, they also reflex the meeting point between the building and the city. So the whole faà §ade is accentually a public space. Different movement is unrestricted and free in this space, from street to the forecourt, the tube to the walkway. Visitors do not need to pay for going into the escalator, for the full experience of the whole sequences. It is so livable. Although, it is a huge scale almost twice high as the surrounding building, but it is not separated from the city. It is the most popular building for visitors and locals, and also became a monument of the city. People not only come for the facility but the place and the views. TATE MODERN Tate Modern is one of the most famous national galleries of modern art in London. It seated at the bank side, linked to St Pauls Cathedral by the Millennium Footbridge. It was used to be a Power Station, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and has been regenerated by Herzog de Meuron from 1994-2000. The main entrance located at the west side of the building. When you walk close to the building from west, firstly, at your left hand side, you will see a green forecourt with black benches linear distributed. At right side, you would find a ramp downwards, about 18-20 meters wide. Walking down gently, you could see the glazed door and curtain wall and the sign on top, and people would finally realize it is the way in. The height of the door is really low with quite long extension on the top, so while you passing it you could not appreciate fully vision of the inside right away. The ramp doesnt stop here but extends down to the inside. The only different is two meters wide steps along the right hand side of the ramp after passing through the glazed door. While you carry on walking down for couple of steps, you will suddenly get full image of the inside the Turbine Hall, a huge scale space. The architects leave the whole space purely appear to the visitors. Five-storages tall, 3,400 square meters space which was housed all the electricity generators of old power station. It is a space for specially-commissioned works by contemporary artists. A liner roof light dropped from the top, continued down to the back wall. This hall has been compared with the Bibliothà ¨que royale de Paris by Étienne-Louis Boullà ©e, about the similar full-length skylight and enormous height above, also the opportunities for people to look the central area from the side. They want to make the space as breezy and easygoing, and display itself at the beginning rather than art. This is also a kind of celebration the architects intend to make before the exhibition. The ramp keeps taking you to the reception area and the front of central stair, a lifted black plate which looks like a bridge cross above. The first options for the visitor is that you could choose to go underneath the lifted area, forwards to the back part of the turbine hall, to the left where is the major transport area - the escalators, or to the upper level which connected directly to the north entrance and the river bank. However, the river side entrance seems to be more popular than the main one, mostly because it located right to one end of the Millennium Bridge which connected with St Pauls Cathedral. So people from north bank could actually walk cross the bridge and get into the museum. The other reason probably is because of various activates, there are many people moving along the river bank, also a nice green area with seats provide space to the street performers and vendors. The atmosphere here is much more livable compare to the forecourt of main entrance. Herzog de Meuron describe the transition of the entering as the moment of breathless wonder. The thought if they want to bring the observer the feeling of being overawed, of having to catch ones breath before real grandeur, they must led them through the eye of a needle a tunnel. The ramp is little more than a slightly tightened copy of the access ramp to the Pompidou Centre, but they extend the ramp to twice the length, for at an unexpected point they increase the already vast height of the hall by tearing out the old floor above the cellar, to make the over high hall even higher. JEWISH MUSEUM The Jewish Museum in Berlin was built between 1993 and 1998 by the architect Daniel Libeskind. He called his design for the Jewish Museum Berlin Between the Lines. The floor plan is shaped like a zigzag line and is intersected by a straight line. Empty spaces called voids extend the height of the building at the interfaces. The zinc-clad faà §ade is covered by diagonal slashes the window openings. Three paths cross on the lower level: the Axis of Exile, the Axis of the Holocaust, and the Axis of Continuity, Which leads to the museums upper stories. Daniel Libeskind said: What is important is the experience you get from it. The interpretation is open. As Libeskind said, the experience is the crucial. It is like a story he want to tell. The zinc-clad building attracted people from distance on the street, but there is no entrance. There is also no sign telling people where the way in is. The main entrance of the museum actually located at the old 18th century building. People have to walk into the existing building, pass the reception and finally get to the way into the main part. It is a large entrance at right hand side in untreated concrete with sharp angles. It open onto a staircase that instead of steps to the upper floor as it is to be expected in museum, the staircase goes underground. So the visitor of the museum starts from the foundation of the old building. But architect reveals the suggestion immediately, if you look up, you see the staircase is actually at the very bottom of concrete well that without any functional justification pierced the old building in every level. So people could see the concrete well from all flo ors up to the eaves. The concrete tower guards the entrance to underground area that seems first sight to be much simpler then the broken-line surface building people seeing from the street. And Daniel thought this is the real heart of this project. They are three corridors. The central island means only two could be seen at a time. It is impossible to have overall vision. It is the axis. An axis is a straight line about which the part of the body or system axiomatically arranged. The three axes here represent the three major experiences the Jewish life in old days: continuity, exile and death. The lights on the ceiling also accent the idea of axis. Only the straight and longest path leads to the main part of the museum. It leads to a staircase seems to be quite modest, as walking up, suddenly spectacular perspective reveals. Straight-line staircase keeps going up to reach the top floor. Architect frees the space with only one direction- upwards. Great concrete beams stabilized the structure seems have difficulty to hold the building. There are also six different shape concrete avoids in the building, pierced the building in every floor. The only lighting comes from skylight. The threshold in Jewish Museum is not the space we usually could see. In this case, transition space (the axis, the stair, the avoid, the light) became the most important part to reveal the spirit of this building, a story which the architect wants to share with all the visitors. He also intend to make this building not obvious and leave all those meaning and hidden violence to be explored by the visitors, or more accurately, the participants. CAIXA FORUM Caixa Forum built between 2001 and 2007 in Madrid by the architect Herzog de Meuron. It is a post-modern art gallery located at the centre of city. It is housed in a converted 1899 power station. The architects decided to demolish the original roof and interiors. They cut away the granite base of the brick exterior walls, creating the illusion that the building floats in midair, hovering over a covered entry plaza. With the addition of two upper stories clad in rusted cast iron and two underground levels, they doubled the buildings height and increased its size five times to more than 100,000 square feet. In short, the architects have skinned and gutted the structure like an animal, transforming its tattered brick shell, four withes thick, into an exotic veneer. The basic strategy of the Caixa Forum design is similar to that to lift the building up and create a shaded public plaza underneath. It is because the condition of the site is quite compressive, with the narrow back streets sloping upward on one side. To cut off the bottom part makes the building more visible and accessible from different directions. When you walk from cross street, no matter from front or back, the first impression is a floating building with different colours and the green wall beside. Take some more steps; you will immediately feel the spectacular using of material. The incredible texture using for the facade and the paving, create a unique image. Several layers revealed on it, the covered plaza made by many triangular panels, the existing part, the top extension with perforated rusting iron and the vertical green standing by the side. Getting under the covered plaza, you will find the surrounding suddenly get dark, and see reflecting ceiling which made by triangu lar iron-cast panel, the dynamic space with three cores containing which supporting the building and also a fountain by the side. These irregular panels are hung from the upper floor slab, continuing to the central entrance a spectacular spiral entry with crisscrossing exposed fluorescent lamps on top. So people move from the dark and heavy entry plaza up to the entrance could suddenly feel the sharp contrast between the two spaces. Another key space is the main star a white curving balustrade of softly finished concrete. This spiral form will take visitors straight up to the top floor cafà © where could have a veiled view of the botanical garden and surrounding through the perforated cast iron. Herzog de Meuron developed the strategy on notions of character and collage. It gives each space its particular sensual and experiential personality. They explored it through different properties of materials and texture, transformation and decay. It created an instantly recognizable icon from distance that is also a space of intriguing complexity while walking into it. 21th CENTURY MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART The 21th Century Museum in Kanazawa, Japan built by the architect SANAA between 2000 and 2004. It is located in the center of city Kanazawa with complex contexts: town hall, public park, opera house, shopping mall, town hall, kindergarten and residential. People come from many directions for different purposes, for that reason, SANAA planned to give the building a circuital form right from the start. That makes it equally accessible from all directions, without any distinction between front and back. The building has two zones, the museum zone which required admission tickets, and the socializing zone which is free for public. But they are not completely separated. The architects want these two zones to be visually linked, divided only by transparent acrylic doors and courtyards. The first key element of this building is the outer walls. They are made of glass, reflecting the surrounding landscape. It was designed so that the inside and outside of the building overlap visually in the curved glass surface. Also it offers a 360-degree view of the surroundings. At the same time, SANAA decided to use path and courtyard to carve the transition space out, left only the solid exhibition area. Four major courtyards provide visitor several opportunities to be exposed fully to the natural light. Corridors are like streets, crossing from north to south and east to west, creating links with the landscapes outside and inside. These are also for the public to use for free, unlike the Pompidou Center which set back to create a square for public, this building intend to hollow itself from inside to invite public as participant. In this building, when the movements of the people inside the building are visible from without, the sequence of events becomes a part of its external appearance. The way they look at events reflects how the architects perceive contemporary situations. They interpret this space by creating elements of contrast and continuity between the architecture and its setting. They thought transparency has a special meaning in this museum. It is not just a way of achieving lightness, information, openness, and illumination, or including human movement as a part of the design. It is about the feel of life. PHILOSOPHY A museum is much more than the structure of exhibiting. It could be a physical system of heating and cooling, of lighting and darkening, of moving and staying, of preserving and decaying, of observing and learning. Also, it is a spiritual structure of recording and describing, of hiding and revealing, of bounding and merging. However, it is always a structure for public using; therefore, one of the most important systems would be entering and leaving. We cant only think about an exhibition room to understand the museum without considering the process of transition. This kind of transition space is made of lounge, passage, entry, and exiting etc. It could be describe as a system. We could look it individually, but actually they always bound up. We do not perceive sprit of a museum by exhibits. People coming from different directions gather in the same shelter, take some time, walking, looking, listening, seating, eating and leaving. The performance is consistently affected by the architecture, the system. The way of the system operate force us how to perform it in. While we follow the instruction to perform it, different human acts reveal. Ultimately, acts we made make us truly perceive and understand the space. Neil Leach described the idea of door, is that The door becomes the image of the boundary point at which human beings actually always stand or can stand. The finite unity, to which we have connected a part of infinite space designated for us, reconnects it to this latter; in the unity, the bound and the boundary less adjoint one another, not in the dead geometric form of a mere separating wall, but rather as the possibility of a permanent interchange. In museum, the rooms and art objects form only the container, but it is not all about that shell, the content is formed by the visitors. Without that, its like a painting only with dead surface. In this case, museum is not a private collection, an art review; it is always about the public. That is why we find museum admirable.

Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Often in our lives other people affect us in both negative and positive ways. In the case of Lord of the Flies, the kids influence one another while on the island, in mostly negative ways. These influences cause for mental changes in the brain. Most of the time, mental changes affect physical changes. However, in some rare occasions it is the other way around. While on the island the boys go through numerous physical and mental changes. Although mental changes are somewhat more significant than physical changes, physical changes are still very much apparent and can sometimes cause for mental change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crashing onto the island, the kids have immaculate, clean faces due to the fact that they attend a Catholic school which, incidentally, enforces a school uniform code. As time progresses, some of the kids, particularly the choir boys, dirty their faces because of their hunting adventures. As seen on page 69, â€Å"Jack, his face smeared with clays, reached the top first and hailed Ralph excitedly, with lifted spear.† After dirtying their faces, the choir boys proceed to paint them. Page 74 mentions, â€Å"I painted my face—I stole up.† In the beginning the face painting is only something they do for fun. However, near the end of the story it becomes so bad that Ralph cannot even recognize who was standing in front of him. On page 195, â€Å"A smallish savage was standing between him and the rest of the forest, a savage striped red and white, and carrying a spear.† It can be seen by this quote that the face painting becomes a mask of evi l over the choir boys’ faces. Nevertheless, besides their faces, there is a smaller, more inconspicuous physical change, hair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their hair is manageable and of appropriate length when they arrive on the island. As time passes, they develop more animal-like characteristics as their hair becomes long and tangled. On page 64, â€Å"His fair hair was plastered over his eyebrows and he pushed it back.† However, Piggy did not experience a significant change in length of hair; it can be inferred that this was meant to symbolize his difference from all the other boys not just in hair length, but also intellectually. On page 64 it states, â€Å"The rest were shock headed, but Piggy’s hair still lay in wisps over hi head as though baldness were his natural state and this imperfect covering would soon go, like velvet on a young stag’s antlers.

The Emergence of the Middle Ages: 1000 ad Essay -- essays research pap

The Emergence of the Middle Ages: 1000 AD When the Old World Order began to crumble with the fall of the Roman Empire and the break up of the Mediterranean the foundation was laid for a new type of civilization to emerge, a â€Å"western civilization†. The Empire in the East continued, based in Constantinople.. It was the most obvious heir to the culture of the classical world. This culture still dominates Eastern Europe and Russia, through Orthodoxy. Islam was the religion of Arab townsmen. Led by Mohammad (d. c. 640, Hijira 622). They swept out of the Arabian Peninsula. [Lacey, 174] They eventually took control of all North Africa, Egypt, Anatolia (under the Turks) and for a time Spain. Islam is also is an heir to Classical civilization. It gleamed mathematics from Mesopotamia, Philosophy from the Greeks and Monotheism from the Jews. For almost a thousand years Muslims were by all objective standards more advanced than Western Europe Finally, Barbarians and Germanic tribes dominated what was left in the area known today as; France, Spain, Italy, Britain, Germany. This was the least developed of the three cultures that succeeded the classical world. It was dominated increasingly also by the Church of Rome. It was a Latin reading and speaking world, therefore the term "Latin Christendom." This area was to become the West. From around 600 to 1000 AD conditions were fairly bleak in the emergence of a western civilization. By 1050 AD the Latin Christendom movement ...

All of our Choices are Predetermined Essay

The Universe appears to be governed entirely by laws, studies of physics seem to show that atoms follow an extremely predictable pattern of cause and effect. This presents a difficult problem for philosophy; if all physical matter is governed by the laws of cause and effect, and we ourselves are comprised of physical matter, how could it be so that any choices we make could be seen to be free? The suggestion that our choices are set out by cause and effect is known as Determinism. Philosophers such as Ted Honderich have argued for determinism and for the consequences that it cancels out free will. It seems insensible to argue that we are not in the least bit determined, and almost all people know from personal experience that people act in a relatively stable and predictable way. For example, if I were to ask my father if he wanted tea or coffee, I would know that he would want coffee based on his love of coffee, and hatred for tea. This preference could not be argued in any way to be a choice made by him, we do not choose what we like, but simply do. Whether our preferences are based on nature or nurture is an ongoing debate, but regardless of the final conclusion, as long as our opinions are based on either of the two options, we would be seen to be determined. Nature is not in our control, neither on the other hand, is nurture. If our personalities are based on environmental or genetic factors and nothing else then our actions are surely determined. This position is extremely convincing and was famously used by Clarence Darrow to prevent two murderers from receiving the death penalty, he argued that they where a product of their upbringing and as such could not be held morally responsible for their actions. This meant, while they could be jailed to prevent threat to society, they could not be punished with the death penalty. The viewpoint of Determinism, while convincing, is by no means universally accepted. The argument seems to go against our intuitions that we are free -although it is notable at this point that our intuitions themselves are philosophically worthless, we cannot argue for an element of truth on the grounds that we feel it is true- and is seemingly incompatible with the view of a God who punishes and rewards his creations with heaven and hell. If our actions are predetermined, then it seems that punishment in hell would be arbitrary. God would simply be creating people in a flawed way, and then punishing them for his poor skills of creation. Needless to say, this viewpoint is not accepted by many Christians and so there have been many arguments for a lack of determinism in philosophy. The belief of Libertarianism, is that we are completely free; in the words of Jean-Paul Sartre â€Å"I am not free not to be free†. Though Sartre’s beliefs on free will were more assertions than arguments of proofs, he summarises the Libertarian view point perfectly. All our actions are completely freely chosen, our only confinement is that we cannot be confined. Libertarianism has the difficult task of explaining how it is possible to defend non-determined choices in an environment where all things seem to be determined by cause and effect. As already stated, if our personality is held to be nothing but a result of nature of nurture, then determinism must be accepted as a matter of logical consistency. From this, many Libertarians would stipulate the existence of a â€Å"super-natural† element to our personality. For example, if one were to believe in a soul, then it is possible to argue the physical laws of cause and effect have no bearing on our actions. This does seem to contradict fairly obvious observable evidence. Psychology has frequently found causes for human behaviour, and it is difficult to explain the consistency and successes of this particular scientific discipline if we do not accept that our choices are determined in some way. One of the more successful attempts of Libertarianism to discredit Determinism is the pointing to laws of physics that do not seem to obey causality. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle shows distinct examples of elements of nature acting randomly, and not due to cause and effect. There are two main criticisms that can be made of this argument; One, that this principle only functions on an minute level, while actual objects such as people still obey determined laws of physics (although science has proven the principle can be amplified to affect people), and; Two, that even where actions random, there would still not be free will, while we would not live in a predetermined environment, we would still live in a (randomly) determined environment. If one was to roll a dice in order to decide the actions a prisoner should take, they would not be considered free by any means. The fundamental flaw of Libertarianism, is that when we examine how it would work, it seems to collapse. As all choices are made according to our personality, a serial killer, is only so because he has a serial killer’s personality. This statement would suggest determinism and could only be argued against in two ways: Firstly, we could state that the serial killer has no personality, this however, seems nearly impossible to uphold. Without personality, we would have no preferences and without preferences we could not make any choice at all. Asking someone who has no preference of good over evil, or pleasure over pain, to make a moral decision would be rather like asking someone whether they prefer white to white. Without personality, we would not be able to make any choice at all, as no options would appeal to us over others. It could be argued, that decisions can still be made according to rationalism, but as rationalism and logic are consistent discipline this would make our actions even more predictable and un-chosen than determinism suggests. So this argument cannot be used to defend Libertarianism. Secondly, we could suggest that the Serial-Killer was in some way in control of his personality. That he chose his preference of evil over good. This again fails. As we have already stated, choices cannot be made without personality, so to choose a personality we would require a personality for us to choose, this initial personality would determine the personality we chose. We could attempt to argue that this initial personality was chosen, but very soon we would have to give way to infinite regression. With this in mind, Libertarianism and the suggestion that our choices are anything but pre-determined or random, is not only completely incompatible with the current model of physics and psychology, but more importantly is incompatible with choice itself (as choice requires preference, preference designates personality which in turn suggests determinism). Libertarianism is a self defeating system in that it requires an absence of will to prove free will, which would be rendered useless without will. There is also a logical argument against Libertarianism. J.J.C Smart points out that there are two possible states of things, i.e. determinism or indeterminism. Either determinism is true, or indeterminism is true, these exhaust all possible philosophical options. Determinism would prevent a Libertarian view as our choices are predetermined, indeterminism would seem to prevent Libertarian view also, as our choices are random and thus not controlled or free. From this argument, we can see that a Libertarian argument for free will is impossible. It seems undeniable therefore, that all our choices are pre-determined -or in the least part random, whether our choices are in fact pre-determined or random is largely down to physicists to discover, currently it seems to be that we are in fact pre-determined, but this cannot be assured without knowledge of all physics. Even if our choices are not predetermined, what they are not -as has been argued in the course of this essay- is freely chosen, at least according to the viewpoint of free will presented by libertarianism. But what would the effects of this be? Hard determinism would argue that we cannot claim to possess free will in a deterministic environment. The problem with this position seems to be that we have defined free will incorrectly. The view of free-will as indifference, has in the course of this essay been demonstrated as problematic, and if we adopt this view of free-will then hard determinism would seem an agreeable viewpoint, the problem is, that this seems an utterly meaningless way of discussing free will. Free will does not appear to refer to the ability of will to change itself, when we refer to a free lion, we do not mean it is free to change to a tiger or a bird, we simply mean it is free to act according to its nature. It would therefore seem to be more useful to discuss free will in the sense of â€Å"a will being able to act itself out†, we are free if we could have chosen otherwise HAD our will been different. This Compatibilist approach adopted by David Hume seems to allow us to discuss free will in a meaningful way, within what seems to be a predetermined environment.

International Oil and National Security Essay

When oil fueled the navies of both Britain and the United States in World War I, it began the tremendous impact oil would have on the world. When British and French forces were threatened with oil shortages, the US gave the much needed help. Without the same assistance, Germany had to shorten critical operations. Since military hardware were all dependent on oil for power it became important that their countries have access to oil. Britain had access to Middle East oil and the United States had the oil from the Caribbean. After the war, Britain and the United States continued to dominate the oil industry of the world. The US has 4 large oil companies and Britain has 2. From the experience of World War II, control of the oil production for use in the military explains the success of the US and the defeat of Germany and Japan. The US rebuilt Europe and Japan with the assurance of oil supply. US had enough Venezuelan oil for its needs, set its eyes on the oil-rich Middle East. Oil is also seen as an important commodity for industries. To ensure its access Britain acquired concession rights on the oil of Iran, but it was not enough. The governments of Latin America refused to allow foreign government’s participation in their oil industries. Excessive supply had to be jointly managed which paved the way for developing oil sources in Iraq, Bahrain and Kuwait, as well as Mexico and Venezuela. The threat of war with Mexico and a crisis in Venezuela was defused with settlements and concessions. The lesson for the British was not ownership of oil reserves but control of sea routes that had more impact. A growing concern that US oil reserves are nearing depletion prompted oil companies to seek additional sources in order to serve domestic demand and supply foreign markets. They shifted their attention from the Caribbean to the Middle East. There has been a noted change in the structure of the global oil industry as well as in the triggers of consumption. The oil industry is important to national security, comes from non-renewable sources and oil reserves is dependent on the demand and supply of the commodity. The seven oil majors control 90% of oil reserves, produce 90% of oil, have a 75% refining capacity, and trade 90% of oil in the global market. In the middle of the 1950s there were small entrants, who challenged the majors, and who sold their oil at low prices. These pushed the world prices of oil downward. Oil consumption is a big part of the economy. Construction of highways and railways, purchase and registration of cars and trucks make America a great motoring nation and consequently a high gas-consuming public. Ever conscious of maintaining reserves the US relied heavily on oil imports to sustain its energy needs. As the Middle East has become its largest energy source, the US government is much concerned with maintaining the security and stability in the Middle East. Policy makers are looking for alternative, diversified and renewable fuel sources, efficient utilization and conservation measures to reduce the country’s dependence on oil imports taking into account their costs and benefits.

Exercises and Problems Essay

Trudy Company incurred the following costs. 1. Sales tax on factory machinery purchased $ 5,000 2. Painting of and lettering on truck immediately upon purchase 700 3. Installation and testing of factory machinery 2,000 4. Real estate broker’s commission on land purchased 3,500 5. Insurance premium paid for first year’s insurance on new truck 880 6. Cost of landscaping on property purchased 7,200 7. Cost of paving parking lot for new building constructed 17,900 8. Cost of clearing, draining, and filling land 13,300 9. Architect’s fees on self-constructed building 10,000 Items of property, plant and equipment should be initially recorded at cost. Costs include all costs in which are necessary to assure the assets are in working condition for their intended use. This includes original purchase prices along with costs of site preparations, delivery, handling, installation, professional fees included for architects and engineers with estimations for dismantling and removing these assets for restoration of original site. Knowing managements intended use comes in very handy and is extremely important when applying this cost principle. Cost principle assets are to be recorded at cost this equals the value which was reciprocated at the time of the attainment. Assets in the United States like land and buildings appreciate in value over a given period of time these items do not get revalued for future financial reporting. Shipping costs form part of the asset costs, however; the cost of accidental insurance or any type of insurance during the later periods ar e recurring expenses which benefit and is not received for short term, less than a year therefore; it does not get included within the costs of assets. References: Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., & Kieso, D. E. (2010). Financial accounting (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

UK economy during 2008 recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UK economy during 2008 recession - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that decline in consumption has direct adverse impacts upon production, which then leads to closure of businesses followed by retrenchment and unemployment. Also, the subprime mortgage property crises in USA triggered closures, mergers and acquisitions of US financial institutions, but it also negatively affected UK investment, commercial banks and financial institutions as they were among the businesses that also made huge investments in US banking and property sectors. Finally, this led to a credit crunch like situation that sabotaged the financial position of UK banks, which were facing liquidity problems and were reluctant in sanctioning loans to borrowers. Finally, the expectations and forecasts that UK economy would contract by more than 2 – 2.5% in 2009 also aggravated the situation and interest rates were reduced to 3% from 4.5% by Federal Bank after instructions of UK government regarding formulation of new monetary policy to reduce business cos ts, to boost investors and consumers’ morale and to trigger greater purchase responses. Recall that economic theory argues that the greater the number of transactions and consumption level, the more employment and jobs opportunities will create due to multiple exchanges of money among people (Hetzel, 2009). As far as the fiscal policy is concerned, it should be pointed out that UK government announced financial bailout packages of ?12bn and ?18bn so that it could pump money in the economy to eradicate liquidity crises and trigger consumer purchase responses. In addition, the government also announced tax cuts (direct and indirect levies) so that businesses could ensure their survival in challenging external business environment. Had the above measures not been taken, the UK cumulative negative GDP growth rate had surpassed 3% due to credit crunch and rising debts (Wren-Lewis, 2010). 2. Explain UK monetary and fiscal policy during the crisis according to IS - LM model. It is w orthwhile to mention the fact that IS – LM model shows the relationship between real interest rate and output level. The IS curve shows the corresponding interest rate that clears the good market. The IS curve slopes downward because the aggregate output increases at low real interest rates and vice versa. Indeed, IS curve is derived from changes in desired investment and desired saving in an economy. The LM curve shows the real interest rate that clears the asset market. For instance, the LM curve is actually derived from changes in real money supply and real money demand. In addition, economic theory talks about Full Employment Line that shows the labour market equilibrium i-e employment and output are at Full employment level. As far as the UK economy is concerned, I would assume that the IS – LM had been in general equilibrium prior to recession i-e the goods, asset and labour market were in equilibrium simultaneously. Real interest IS LM Equilibrium point Output N ow when UK economy entered in recession, the UK government changed the monetary and fiscal policies that would cause shifts in IS and LM curves. For example, the reduction in nominal interest rate on money will reduce money demand, thereby reducing the real interest rate that clears asset market and causing a downward shift in LM curve. Similarly, increasing nominal money supply in market through stimulus package will reduce real interest rat