Justice within Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equity inside Business - Essay Example This reference to the new Testament educating to do unto others as one would have done unto oneself places an ethical setting to the portrayal. Mandeville will portray a gathering of individuals who are essentially deceptive They are loaded with the individuals who have conceal'd deserts inside the items they are selling, or who sell their Product past their Worth:. Here is the essential rule that an agent appears to hold fast to as per Mandeville: making a benefit at any cost, regardless of whether the methods are straightforward or something else. In the narrative of Decio and Alcander, Mandeville showswhat difficulties may happen when two similarly untrustworthy businesspeople endeavor to exploit the other. From multiple points of view there is no right or wrong inside this story but instead sort of Machiavellian story of the control of one individual by another (Machiavelli, 1982). The narrative of the purchaser and the merchant of sugar both endeavoring to control the other so as to get eh most ideal cost for what they consider to be the circumstance is both interesting and uncovering. The reality the two of them will use inside data to endeavor to delude the other is a typical practice today as much as it was in the Renaissance time frame. The incongruity that both comprehended the market well overall but additionally appear to have been self-misdirected with regards to the guarantee of what they are hearing is superb. Alcander hears that a huge shipment of sugar is going to originate from the Indies thus understands that the cost is going to fall and hence looks to expel Decio from information on it. Decio obviously hears that the armada has in truth sunk, thus the costs are relied upon to increment 25%. The two men endeavor to control the other, and are basically depicted as rather talented entertainers. So how covetous soever he was to sell, the other was at this point progressively anxious to purchase; yet them two terrified of each other, for an extensive time, falsified all the Indifference possible. There is a component of gamesmanship present inside the specialists as Mandeville portrays them. They seem to appreciate the cheating and control that is an integral part of the business world that they possess. Nor is impacted by soul in any capacity. 2) Discuss how people with such a character has motivation to act decently (reference section b) With trademark incongruity and realism, Hume handles the subject of how the heel should act specifically circumstances and furthermore when in doubt. Hume expresses that the thought that genuineness is the best strategy, might be a decent broad guideline, yet is at risk to special cases. The villain has motivation to act decently when his particular conditions imply that he will pick up the most through doing as such. In this manner the rapscallion will watch the general principle at whatever point conceivable, as this is the most secure course inside life and individuals will respect him. Be that as it may, when the exemptions emerge, as they frequently appear to do inside Hume's perceptions, he should exploit them. To be basic, a heel will possibly act reasonably when it is to his greatest advantage to do as such. A Kantian crystal may help in seeing how reasonableness would possible be able to happen among such obviously childish and simply individualistic individuals. Kant's concept of the clear cut

Team performance management

For the duration of their lives, individuals aggregate experienceswhich shape them. These encounters lead numerous to hold differentiating perspectives and topractice dissimilar philosophies. Contrasts can be solid; individuals can learn fromeach other regardless of their disparities. A significant change in my life favored mewith the information and comprehension of two boundlessly divergent subcultures ofAmerica. It is important to recognize be-tween the two drasticallydifferent lives I have driven. During my first life my nation life - I experienced the most trusting, capable, persevering men I have ever known. I was brought up a ranch kid in Central Illinois in a ruralcommunity. My family and I lived on a huge family ranch of around 120 sections of land wherewe developed corn, beans, wheat and more corn. Our nearest neighbors and companions weremy cousins, auntie, uncle and grandparents. Since they lived just a mile away, wesaw them consistently. Everybody shared basic bonds in the nation; we as a whole dependedon the climate and on one another, and were God-dreading people. We will compose a custom article test on Nation Boy, City Boy or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Lifewas moderate and unsurprising. It was a curious way of life, since I think back on it.We lived directly off Rural Route One of every a house that had been passed down from onegeneration to the following, as most in that piece of Illinois. Our hundred-year-oldhome had been renovated commonly was still wrecked. After we moved, itwas torn down to account for more homestead land. There were peculiaritiesthat some may discover hard to comprehend. The ties that bound the nation folktogether were only one differentiation. In our town of 100 (on the off chance that you tallied all thecats and pooches), everybody knew everybody. In the event that Jim and Sue went out on the town, notonly did everybody think about it, they likewise knew how Jim treated Sue. There was aninherent obligation and trust in this rustic milieu, and therefore, one washeld responsible for each activity. There was a quiet trust betweenpeople. For instance, once in a while devices things critical to a rancher - would be absent. At the point when I would report their nonattendance to my granddad, he thoughtnothing of it since he had mentioned to a large number of our neighbors to just take what theyneeded. Sufficiently sure, the apparatuses would be back in their places in a couple of days. Alongside this trust was the confidence in and reliance on the extendedfamily. Hardly any individuals see how close and significant this can be. My cousins andsister were my closest companions. I experienced childhood in an environment where family and friendswere similar individuals. This foundation has affected the manner in which I trust and care formy companions as though they were family. This is the means by which it was done in the nation. My kindergarten class had six understudies, all young men. We confided in each otherand thought of one another as family, not only companions. This was just how wewere raised. This permanent perspective on connections has brought me delight, especiallyafter we left the ranch. At the point when my family moved to Houston, I started mysecond life my city life. As a result of my dads profession, wetraveled to this place that is known for fresh new chances. The progress was unquestionably a cultureshock. In the high rise where we lived until our home was assembled, we werethe just Caucasian family. That was new; in the nation, everybody was white. Igradually got familiar with the accents of my new companions and learned abouttheir religions and dialects. At the point when summer finished and school began, thenew world I lived in showed me more individuals. My educator was dark, and oneof the best instructors Ive ever had. She showed us how unique culturescelebrate occasions, including Kwanzaa, which I had never known about. I wasintrigued, and acknowledged how oblivious I was of different societies. In reality, my firstfew years in Houston were a social edification. Not all I learned wasgood, however. Brutality, reviling, taking, medicate misuse and different practices thatwere uncommon in the nation were noticeable. From the outset it stunned me, yet I soon grewaccustomed to it and inevitably figured out how to endure it. This acknowledgment ofdifferences was one of the numerous things city life bit by bit instructed me. Thetransition in my life constantly uncovers to me how credulous my old perspectives were.While once I had desires of turning into a rancher, the transition to the city convincedme that maybe I ought to take a stab at additional. My folks have gambled a lot and givenup more to permit their youngsters more noteworthy chances to succeed. Livingin such two particular societies has helped me find that change is fundamental andimportant in creating unprovincial sees on life. By fusing positiveattributes from each culture and gaining from them, I have built up a solidvalue framework that will assist me with enduring difficulties. My insight into theselife-styles furnishes me with a one of a kind view on life which will, I trust, empower meto further comprehend different societies.

Minecraft Discuss

Minecraft Discuss Hi everyone. As you all know from Matts post, decisions will be released in two days time, at 9 PM on Thursday. But because neither of us should be stressing out about that, this blog post is about something else entirely: Minecraft. What is Minecraft? Quoth Wikipedia: a sandbox building video game which allows players to build constructions out of textured cubes in a 3D worldThe game is divided into two main modes, Alpha and Classic, where Classic is focused entirely on construction while Alpha additionally contains enemies, a health meter, and additional features and items. Basically some Swedish guy named Notch got bored at his job as a game dev and decided to make a super-retro 8bit blocky construction / run away from zombies game. But that doesnt really answer the question of what Minecraft is, so maybe this will: I play alpha/survival, which means that during the day I run around and kill pigs and chop down trees and run away from creepers and during the night I hide away in my bunker and dig dig dig dig dig dig dig dig forever. Others play creative mode, where you have infinite materials and no enemies and you just build ridiculous stuff like a scale model of the Starship Enterprise. There really isnt anything else to this post. Minecraft is a fun silly game in which you can do fun silly things. Minecraft chat below; if you post something cool in the comments Ill edit it into this post. Edits: Not Minecraft, but it does talk about digging; if you begin feeling stressed out about decisions (or Minecraft zombies), just dim the lights and chill out to this Pogo Disney remix.

Evaluation of Business Ethics to Bank Muscats Stakeholders Free Essay Example, 2750 words

The major teleological theories of business ethics are utilitarianism and egoism. There is a distinction between egoism and utilitarianism. The consequences to other people will define acts as either ethical or unethical in utilitarianism, while in egoism the consequences to one s self will define acts as either ethical or unethical. Utilitarianism could be summarized by the phrase, the greatest good for the greatest number . Under utilitarianism, actions are supposed to be evaluated based on their consequences. Such theories are thus called consequentialism. Jeremy Bentham founded classical utilitarianism, and his theory is grounded on his understanding of human nature. People always attempt to seek pleasures and evade pain. This type of moral behavior is known as hedonism, and it considers good and pleasures as similar. The utility principle is the basis of Bentham s theory, the greatest good for the greatest number of individuals and egoism. Under utilitarianism, an act is cons idered appropriate from an ethical perspective only if it produces a net utility that is greater than the net utility another act produces. These utilitarian theories are further divided into two forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Business Ethics to Bank Muscat's Stakeholders or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Newark Nj Crime Essay - 799 Words

Jasmin Wilson English 101 August 6, 2011 Lay Off Of 167 Newark Police Officials Increases Crime in the City There are a lot of social problems in my community. The most current social issue is that Newark, NJ has laid off 167 police officials on November 30th of 2010. This was 14% of the police working for Newark. They were discharged from several precincts within Newark. Jen Chung from Gothamist stated crime has increased there have been numerous carjacking’s—victims include a staffer in the NJ Attorney Generals office and a Newark school principal—and shootings (since Thursday, four people have been shot dead and six have been wounded). Since the layoff of police, residents have†¦show more content†¦Robert Andrews a laid off officer stated in the Star Ledger â€Å"I’m concerned with the citizens, he said. If it took 167 of us to bring Newark back, how can they go on without us?(Giambusso and Friedman,† Laid off Newark police officers cope with une mployment.†) Secondly, Crime will decrease in Newark, NJ by the city assigning more officers to be on patrol instead of doing desk work. If there were more cops on patrol there would not be a lot of crime rate to begin with. Some officers do not get the chance to patrol. If Newark assigns these officers to patrol instead of doing desk work the crime rate would instantly drop like when Newark had its first crime free month since 1966. Newark is a large city that need close attention because of poverty and etc†¦ People cannot even walk down the street without worrying whether or not they will come back alive or dead. Robert Andrews also told the Star Ledger â€Å"he had been inundated with calls from residents to patrol Newark’s streets.†?†(Giambusso and Friedman,† Laid off Newark police officers cope with unemployment.†) If somebody does not step up to the plate Newark residents will be in jeopardy again. Last but not least, Crime will decre ase in Newark, NJ by starting neighborhood watch programs. If residents are informed about neighborhood watch programs that will be anonymous then crime will also be less. If there was a program started that allowed residentsShow MoreRelatedCommunity Windshield Survey733 Words   |  3 Pagespaper is The South ward of Newark, New Jersey where the hospital which I work is located. Newark is an urban community consists of primarily of African American and Hispanic population. The South Ward of Newark and contains 17 public schools, five daycare centers, three branch libraries, one police precinct, and three fire houses (City of Newark New Jersey, 2013). The city’s property and violet crime levels tend to be higher than New Jersey’s average level (Newark, NJ Profile, 2013). ObservationRead MoreEthical Considerations in the Legal Prosecution of Robbery and Murder Cases926 Words   |  4 Pagesthe author will consider the various ethical considerations and problems that w ill need to be addressed in the legal prosecution of a robbery and a murder case. This will include dealing with the ethical problems involved in the investigation of the crimes as well as prosecution problems that arise when the case is presented for trial if the investigator was unethical. Finally, we will examine the ethical issues that are directly related to the prosecutor in these cases. Analysis-General Issues Read MoreNewark and Philadelphia Policy Review1276 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the cities of Newark and Philadelphia implemented and why these issues are important. The analysis will also examine the programs each city created to address the violence in the specific urban areas of their city and the impacts the programs have had to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of police foot patrol as a means of deterrence through apprehension and as a means of risk reduction, community and problem oriented policing, high crime neighborhood hot spotsRead MoreCriminal Homicide And Its Effect On Society1436 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout time there has been a very high number of crimes committed in the world. Crime is an action that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law. One of the most common and well known crimes is homicide. Homicide is the act of a human being causing the death of another human being. There are bo th unintentional and intentional homicides, and many different types of homicides are generally treated very differently in human societies; such classes of homicideRead MoreTesting the Effectiveness of the CCTV Cameras in West Palm Beach, Florida1595 Words   |  6 Pagesdocumented (Armitage, 2002; Gill Spriggs, 2005; Welsh Farrington, 2009). This vast expansion can be traced back to the Home Office in Great Britain, where they issued a call to law enforcement agencies to use CCTV-related initiatives as a viable crime prevention strategy (Painter Tilley, 1999). In 2002, it was estimated that there were over 500 CCTV systems, with approximately 40,000 cameras in operation in the United Kingdom (Armitage, 2002; Gill, Rose, Collins, Hemming, 2006). Today thoseRead MoreSubstance Abuse Within The Community3198 Words   |  13 PagesHealth Problem Statement: After thorough investigation of the homeless population in Newark, the problem that is going to be discussed in this paper is substance abuse within the community. On a broad level, one of the biggest issues facing New Jersey today, as a whole, is the increase use of illegal drugs and substances, specifically heroin. As a direct consequence of drug use, 797 people were reported dead in New Jersey in 2007 (New Jersey Drug Control Update - White House, 2013). This numberRead MoreEssay on American Gangster613 Words   |  3 Pagesemerge of drug traffic and trade was in the streets of Harlem, New York. Denzel Washington plays real life gangster- Frank Lucas back in the 70s that was originally from North Carolina. Lucas moves to Harlem and is apprenticed under a notorious crime boss- Bumpy. Russell Crowe plays detective Richie Roberts Ââ€" a New York detective that has a task to bring the drug trafficking and corruption between the police department to heel. In the movie also plays Josh Brolin the sleazy cop, along with a hostRead MoreEssay on Rubin Carter: The Hurricane1299 Words   |  6 Pages(Dylan, Bob). The question: What is justice? According to whose point of view? In the 1960s, were blacks treated fairly? Case in point—Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter who was finally released from jail after 19 years of being wrongfully imprisoned for a crime he never committed. Rubin Carter in no way has experienced an easy life. He was born on May 6, 1937, in Clifton, New Jersey. At the time, Clifton was a very controversial place to live. Blacks were being treated unfairly from birth because of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Ratcliff Focused On Hotspots864 Words   |  4 Pagesresearchers used violent crimes such as homicide, aggravated assault and robberies from the INCT database of the Philadelphia police report from 2006-2008. These measures have face validity since these are common violent crime that large cities have. The database used is a valid way to estimate crime but also does have limitations. The limitations of using official data from a police department is the not reported crimes that happen. Unreported crimes are a dark figure of crime and must be taken intoRead More Megans Law: Protecting American Families Everywhere Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesFamilies Everywhere nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the summer of 1994 in Hamilton, New Jersey, a small girl by the name of Megan Kanka was raped and murdered by a convicted pedophile, Jesse Timmendequas. The shocking crime rocked not only the small town, but the entire country. A desperate mother told reporters â€Å"Please, please help us find our daughter, she’s a wonderful girl ... she’s only seven. Let her come back.† (www.crimelibrary.com) No mother should ever have

Nat Turner Researched Essay (with Citations) Free Essays

Nat Turner English 10 5 March 2012 There comes a time when everyone has to choose what they want to do with their lives, and few have done what Nat Turner has. He led a rebellion against his slave owner and opened the door for other slaves to begin their own fight for freedom. He was born a slave October 2nd, 1800 to Southampton County Virginian Benjamin Turner (â€Å"Nat Turner†). We will write a custom essay sample on Nat Turner Researched Essay (with Citations) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Turner was born into slavery by the slave of a refugee from the Saint Domigue revolt and raised on the plantation of Benjamin Turner. Benjamin Turner was one of the few slave owners that allowed Turner an education in reading, writing and religion – although he taught himself to read after being given a book (â€Å"Nat Turner Biography†). Nat Turner was a very advanced child, people around him at the time of his childhood said he knew the details of many events that occurred before his birth. He also had visions from a young age, and those he believed always led him to his great purpose. These visions led him to many different plantations and slave-masters in the attempt to find that calling (â€Å"Nat Turner Biography†). After his early education Turner was sent to various plantations like that of Benjamin Turners son, Samuel. He worked at each for several years, during one period he was the slave of a nine year-old boy whose father had just died until his mother remarried. He viewed his visions as a gift from God and learned to become a preacher in adulthood, while still working as a slave (â€Å"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property†). At his fourth and final plantation Turner would start receiving visions of creating an uprising to free him and his fellow slaves. He gathered followers and planned out the entire rebellion, believing it to be for the greater good of all black slaves. But a just day before he could instigate the rebellion Turner got sick and the rebellion was held off until he was well enough to lead and fight (â€Å"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property†). It would take a short period of time for Turner to get better before he had another ‘god vision’ telling him when the time would be right for an uprising. That time came in the form of a solar eclipse which Turner interpreted to mean it was time. He led forty men through several Virginia towns, killing at least 50 people. But Nat’s plan had been found out by whites who arrived to capture his small troupe. Turner successfully hid from the men until October 30, when he was captured and sent to the county jail. His â€Å"confession† was given to Thomas R. Gray before being sentenced to death by hanging (â€Å"Nat Tuner: A Troublesome Property†). Nat Turner is remembered in the South as being one of the first and most important rebels in history for this act of rebellion. Nat had one of the largest amounts of killings by slaves in his time, and he also is memorable for his openness about it. He was quoted in his confession as saying: â€Å"I see sir, you doubt my word; but can you not think the same ideas, and strange appearances about this time in the heavens might prompt others, as well as myself, to this undertaking. â€Å"(â€Å"Insurrection of Nat Turner, The†). Confessions of Nat Turner (1831). † Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. 24 Nov 2008. 7 Feb 2012. â€Å"Confessions of Nat Turner, The. † Wake Forest University. Web. 8 Feb. 2012. â€Å"Nat Turner. † International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Encylopedia. com. 7 Feb. 2012. â€Å"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property. † PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. PBS. 2012. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. â€Å"Nat Turner Biography. † Biography. com. AE Television Network, LLC. 1996-2012. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. How to cite Nat Turner Researched Essay (with Citations), Essays

Economic Policies and Global Environments - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic Policies and Global Environments. Answer: Introduction The economic scenario in the global framework has undergone considerable dynamics over the years with some of the countries slowly emerging as the predominant and most influential economies of the world. These global economies have progressed impressively over the years in almost all the aspects and with huge commercial and industrial success are now capable of influencing the activities and prospects of other countries across the world. China is one such economy (Shambaugh 2013). China has shown immense economic growth over the years and is currently one of the countries with highest economic growth rate and industrial and commercial prospects. For expanding their domain of economic expansion and long term economic progress and commercial sustainability, China, in the recent years has proposed the implementation of a highly ambitious project of connecting the country to the other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe, with the objective of facilitating trade and commerce across the entire region (Lim 2015). Known as the One Belt One Road Project and with official announcement of implementation in 2013, the routes under the OBOR Project are expected to connect 65 countries across this region. This in turn is expected to have its influence on more than sixty percent of the population in the world, which contributes more than 30% of the world GDP (Minghao 2015). The OBOR Project, having its domain of operation over nearly all of the South East Asia, is expected to have immense implications on the economy of Singapore, one of the most eminent economically progressing countries in the South East Asian region. Being the third largest economically growing country (In terms of global GDP) and characterized by the presence of a highly industrial and least corrupt environment, the country has shown immensely impressive economic growth traits and is expected to emerge as one of the leading economies in the world in the not so far future. In this context, with the implementation of the OBOR Project, the economy of Singapore is expected to be considerably effected, the effects being both positive as well as negative (Li, Bolton and Westphal 2016). The report, keeping this in consideration, tries to analyze the potential opportunities as well as the challenges which the economy of Singapore is expected to face with the implementation and operation of t he ambitious OBOR Project by the government of China. OBOR: Overview The main objective of the Chinese government, behind the implementation of the One Belt One Road Project, is to connect the economy with all the growing economies across different parts of Asia as well as Africa, thereby facilitating trade and industrial growth not only in China but also the other 65 countries falling in this network. The proposed implementation of the same has been the source of extensive planning regarding the future projects that will be taken up by the concerned countries across the routes (Yunling 2015). The routes, being both through roads as well as Maritime ones create a complex and hugely expansive network, which can be shown as follows: As the above map suggests, in the newly proposed revamped Silk Route under the OBOR Project of China, there is a complex and hugely integrating network of Road as well as New Maritime Route which is spread across a huge arena. Several gas and oil pipelines are projected to operate within this network, which is expected to make this network even more viable and profitable commercially in a general framework. This is not just true hypothetically and has real positive implications as can be seem from the rapid increase in the Gross Domestic Product of China itself, which with respect to the global share, increased to as high as 16% in the recent periods from a significantly lower percentage (2.7%) only several decades back (Lo 2015). This OBOR Project, when in full operation, is also expected to influence the economic activities of Singapore massively, which is discussed in the following sections of the report. Expected Benefits and Opportunities from OBOR: Singapore Singapore, like the other South East Asian countries, has been gaining robust market and economic dominance in the global scenario with time, much of which can be attributed to the fast and efficient technological, industrial and commercial progress of the economy, catered by its pro-commerce environment and highly developing industrial sector. The country, like many other South East Economies fall in operational domain of the OBOR Project, which gives the country to accrue huge benefits and economic opportunities and ling term prospects from the project itself, designed by the government of China (Huang 2016). One of the advantages of the economy of Singapore is that it is one of the most developed economies in the entire South East region, not only in terms of economy but specifically in terms of infrastructure, industrial expansion, commercial gateway and economically enthusiast and able population, which together help the country to walk down the path of progress with ease and in an impressive pace (Cheong 2017). However, apart from this primary plus point of the economy, the country also has several other advantages and added inherent privileges which may be beneficial for the economy of Singapore itself, with respect of deriving the benefits from the OBOR Project and its operations, some of which are discussed in the following section: The first and foremost advantage of the country, apart from its already highly developing economy is the strategic geographical location. The country, being the heart of the South East Economic Region, is located very near to the major Maritime Routes and is already one of the busiest and highly commercially populated ports in the entire region. Keeping this into consideration, it can be asserted that with the OBOR Project coming in full operation, the country has robust chances to develop itself as one of the point or channel of a massive share of all the trade and commerce taking place in this network of the revamped Silk Route (Krishnan and Sriganesh 2017). For any economy to flourish and take advantage of any trade and commerce route, it is of utmost importance for the economy to have a robust infrastructural framework and an able technological system supporting the economic activities. This, especially in the contemporary periods, has been significantly achieved by the concerned country. Singapore, in the recent times, have not only developed its infrastructural and technological bases efficiently but is an inspiration to the other parts of the world in this aspect (TODAYonline, 2018). The country has the ability to take the pressure of highly increased transactions of the goods and services, which is expected to happen with the OBOR Project operating in its full capacity. The country thus has the chance of becoming not only the most important port but also a business hub in its own capacity. The country already enjoys significant commercial relations with the Chinese economy, which is actually implementing this ambitious project. There are already working Chinese bases of operations in the economy of Singapore, through which the goods and services are exchanged not only between this two highly active manufacturing countries but also with other neighboring countries. This is expected to give the country an added advantage, given the OBOR comes into existence with full power. The population of Singapore is also another important factor, which may contribute extensively to the capturing of the benefits from the concerned project. The country has been efficiently building a strong and productive educational framework, building up a highly skilled and productive population. With the implementation of the OBOR, many jobs are expected to get created which can be helpful for the economy for the purpose of increasing the overall level of employment as well as standard of living of the population in the general in the country (Jinchen 2016). Singapore, in the last few decades, due to its robust infrastructural base and economic resource mobility has been the centre of attraction of the investors across the world. The inflow of foreign direct investment in this country has been consistently increasing with the development of the industrial and commercial sectors of the economy. This shows the chance of a significant increase in the inflow of the investments with the operations of the One Belt One Road Project by the Chinese government as it will give even more exposure to the economy of the concerned country, thereby contributing to the long term sustainability and economy prosperity of the country (LIM 2016). The overall social, economic and political environment of Singapore is highly stable, which makes the country highly attractive for the investors, businessmen and entrepreneurs for expanding their domain of operation. This, with the implementation of the OBOR Project is expected to increase the economic activities in the country significantly, thereby positively contributing to the economys GDP in the coming years. As can be seen from the above discussion, there are considerable opportunities for the economy of Singapore to reap the benefits of the OBOR Project. There are especially several sectors in the country, which are expected to be highly benefited from the same: Tourism- Singapore has over the years, received huge global attention due to its beautiful as well as highly developed economy with infrastructural success. The country attracts huge number of travelers, both domestic as well as international, who come for the purpose of business as well as for pleasure seeking, thereby contributing to the growth of the tourism industry in the country (Arduino 2016). In this context, with the implementation of the OBOR Project and with the trade routes coming into operation fully, the tourism industry is expected to get a huge boost, attracting even more travelers with time. Logistics- The country, as discussed above, already enjoys the position of an eminent commercial hub in the South East Asian region, due to its extremely strategic location. The infrastructure and logistics in the country is already impressive with almost two hundred shipping lines operating all across the world. The logistics industry of the country, with the implementation of the concerned project is expected to reap huge benefits and economic prosperity and sustainability in the long run (Arduino 2016). Banking and the Financial Sector- With the investments flowing in from all corners of the world, the economic activities of the country is expected to increase manifold with OBOR coming into operation. This in turn gives the financial sector of the country the chance to play the role of mediator to the foreigners venturing in the local economy and reap the economic benefits in turn. From the above discussion, it can be highly asserted that there are immense scopes for the economy of Singapore to reap the benefits from the implementation of the OBOR Project. However, there are several feasible hurdles for the country and challenges the economy needs to overcome before it can enjoy the advantages of the OBOR Project, which are discussed as follows. Challenges to the economy: Singapore With the implementation of OBOR, there are chances of development of several other ports apart from that of Singapore itself, which now handles commercial traffic worth 5 trillion USD annually. These competing ports, primarily including those of the Klang port and the Malaccan port, are expected to give tough competitions to the country. If these ports come into action with their full capacities, then much of the commercial traffic is expected to get diverted from Singapore (Das 2017). The ports are also getting Chinese support to get developed to handle bulk cargo, which poses serious threats to the economic prospects of Singapore. With huge economic and financial transactions, expected to occur under the operations of the OBOR Project, exchange rate fluctuations can be a serious threat to the economy of Singapore, which can be a byproduct of the industrial and commercial transactions. (TODAYonline, 2018) Apart from the new ports, rail routes are expected to get revamped, which includes the East Coast Rail Link: This can also divert significant commercial traffic and economy prosperity of the economy of Singapore. With the operation of the OBOR Project, technological progress of other South East Asian countries is inevitable, which can be a threat to the market dominance of the economy of Singapore itself. Governments Role With the possible opportunities and threats from the OBOR Project, it is of utmost importance for the governing authorities of the country to keep on striving for even more technological and infrastructural progress, to strengthen its financial sector even more so as to facilitate proper channeling of the investments in the country. The government of Singapore also needs to emphasize on maintaining an overall pro-industrial, economic and progressive social structure, with minimized fluctuations both economically as well as politically. Conclusion The OBOR Project, as has been proposed to get implemented by the Chinese government, if implemented efficiently is expected to bring immense opportunities of prosperity and commercial benefits for the economy of Singapore, in terms of long term sustainability and industrial growth facilitated by the inflow of huge amount of investments from all the parts of the world. However, there remains several serious challenges, which includes the competition which Singapore is expected from its neighboring countries which are also expected to develop under the domain of operations of the OBOR Project, which has to be overcome by the government of Singapore. However, with the efficient planning and working of the government, as discussed above, the country is expected to be hugely benefitted with the implementation of the OBOR Project by the government of China (KONG 2016). References Arduino, A., 2016. Security in One Belt One Road: Singapores Role in Training Expertise. Asiantradecentre.org (2017).One Belt, One Road: Opportunities and Risks for Singapore (Part 1). [online] Asian Trade Centre. Available at: https://www.asiantradecentre.org/talkingtrade//one-belt-one-road-opportunities-and-risks-for-singapore-part-1 [Accessed 28 Dec. 2017]. Cheong, I., 2017. Assessment of the Economic Background of the OBOR.Journal of International Logistics and Trade,15(2), pp.72-82. Das, S.B., 2017. OBORs Digital Connectivity Offers Both Benefits and Risks. Huang, Y., 2016. Understanding China's Belt Road Initiative: Motivation, framework and assessment.China Economic Review,40, pp.314-321. Jinchen, T., 2016. One Belt and One Road: Connecting China and the world.Global Infrastructure Initiative website. KONG, T.Y., 2016. China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Malaysian Perspectives. InChina's One Belt One Road Initiative(pp. 289-306). Krishnan, R. and Sriganesh, B., 2017. One Belt One RoadOpportunities and Risks for Singapore. Li, Y., Bolton, K. and Westphal, T., 2016.The effect of the New Silk Road railways on aggregate trade volumes between China and Europe(No. 109/2016). Duisburger Arbeitspapiere Ostasienwissenschaften. Lim, A.C.H., 2015. Chinas Belt and Road and Southeast Asia: Challenges and prospects.JATI-JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES,20, pp.3-15. LIM, W.X., 2016. China's One Belt One Road Initiative: A Literature Review. InChina's One Belt One Road Initiative(pp. 113-131). Lo, C., 2015. China's Silk Road strategy.The International Economy,29(4), p.54. Minghao, Z., 2015. Chinas new Silk Road initiative.Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Shambaugh, D.L., 2013.China goes global: The partial power(Vol. 111). Oxford: Oxford University Press. TODAYonline (2018).One Belt, One Road project will benefit Singapore, but challenges could arise: Analysts. [online] TODAYonline. Available at: https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/one-belt-one-road-project-will-benefit-singapore-challenges-could-arise-analysts [Accessed 3 Jan. 2018]. Yunling, Z., 2015. One Belt, One Road.Global Asia,10(3), pp.8-12.

Problem Behavior Syndrome free essay sample

Problem Behavior Syndrome Sandra Schaumleffel Everest University The life course view is that criminality may be best understood as one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth, referred to as problem behavior syndrome (PBS). In this view, crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment. People who suffer from one of these conditions typically exhibit many symptoms of the rest. All varieties of criminal behavior, including violence, theft, and drug offences, may be part of a generalized PBS, indicating that all forms of antisocial behavior have similar developmental patterns. (Siegel, p. 228) I knew a girl whom I was best friends with for almost 10 years. During year 6 of our friendship, I moved out of state. We still kept in contact. As the years went by, we slowly stopped talking. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Behavior Syndrome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I finally moved back to our hometown, I found out that this friend had turned to drugs, violence, and had a very long criminal record. I wanted nothing to do with that because I was trying to better myself. Unfortunately, she is still running down that wrong path, in and out of jail, on various different types of drugs, and even losing custody of her three children. This friend of mine possesses many of antisocial behaviors. Some would include substance abuse, early pregnancy, educational underachievement, and unemployment. I’m not sure how she got into drugs, but I have tried multiple times to get her into rehab. She objects. When it came time to graduate from high school, her wrong ways and drug abuse prevented her from doing so. With being unemployed, having no education, and always on some kind of drug, I see this friend having problem behavior syndrome. References: Criminology: The Core, Fourth Edition (Larry J. Siegel)

Essay Term Paper on Doing Business in China

Essay Term Paper on Doing Business in China Essay Term Paper on Doing Business in China Essay Term Paper on Doing Business in ChinaTo write an essay term paper on doing business in China means to explore how business people into contact with Chinese business people. As a business contact of people from different countries depends on culture, negotiation techniques, and business etiquette, you have to discuss all these aspects in your essay term paper on doing business in China. This article will help you do it properly and finally succeed. In addition, if you are writing a writing a reaction paper or argumentative term paper, you may confidently rely on our professional writing services and get your paper written from scratch!There are five main factors that should be taken into account when trying to get into contact with Chinese business people, and you should mention them in your essay term paper on doing business in China.1.Confucianism To cover this aspect in your essay term paper on doing business in China, say that it is necessary to see how Confucianism influe nces business practices in China. Actually, Confucianism is all about harmonious relationships, and if business partners take into consideration this concept, they will get on well. 2.FaceThere are also certain aspects of etiquette related to the expression of faces of business partners. In your essay term paper on doing business in China, explain the importance of saving face and showing it while conducting negotiations. You can also give examples of how this or that face expression might be regarded by Chinese people when writing your essay term paper on doing business in China.3.Meeting and greeting peopleBusiness usually involves meeting and greeting people. However, in China meeting and greeting people have some special peculiarities. For example, in your essay term paper on doing business in China, you may say that shaking hands may be interpreted as aggressive by Chinese. 4.Building relationshipsSome experts strongly recommend avoid humor when communicating with Chinese not b ecause they are humorless but rather jokes may be lost in translation and be interpreted in inappropriately. In your essay term paper on doing business in China, you may also explain why it is necessary to keep dealings at a professional level and avoid informal conversations.5.NegotiationsOne of the most well known strategies used by Chinese negotiators is to start negotiations showing humility and difference. In your essay term paper on doing business in China, explain how Europeans should interpret such a conduct. There are also more nuances about the peculiarities of contacting Chinese people that you may mention in your paper. The most important thing is to make sure that you are providing reliable and credit information in your essay term paper on doing business in China. You may find it helpful to review the following article on good term paper topics and learn how to write term paper 15 pages without any efforts!

2014 denominated the top five countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2014 denominated the top five countries - Essay Example The Euro is a currency used by 17 member countries within the Eurozone. The European Central Bank is the central bank for the joint Eurozone countries. According to forex traders, the euro can trade in between 30 to 40 pips on average, albeit prone to changes in the bond market. Today, 1 Euro is equivalent to U.S. $ 1.36. Established in 1882, the Bank of Japan controls the second largest economy in the world. The Japanese Yen has become popular in less developed economies in Asia such as Vietnam, North Korea, Cambodia, and Laos. As a result of the growing Japanese economy, the Yen has drastically improved; 1Japanse Yen is equivalent to 0.0098 U.S. dollar. The British Pound, Queen’s currency, is controlled by the Bank of England. Until the World War, the British Pound had been the most traded currency in the world. On the contrary, the currency now exchanges with the U.S dollar at $ 1.70. The Swiss Franc is served by the Swiss National Bank, with both public and private ownership. According to forex trading reports, one U.S. dollar was equivalent to 5 francs back in 1994. Today, 1FR exchanges as U.S. $

A critique paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A critique paper - Essay Example Allie’s parents are impressed with Lon, but Allie cannot stop thinking about Noah, although she has not received any information from him for a while (Wasowski 67). However, one day Allie embarks on visiting Noah subsequent to seeing his photo in the newspaper standing by an old house, which he had promised to refurbish. Later on, Allie realised that Noah had been sending her letters since when they parted ways and only her mother hid them from her, all this long. Their love was still evident, just as it was several years back (Wasowski 68). However, Allie did not know whether to choose Lon or Noah. Her dilemma was tied on the hatred that her mother had against Noah and the great love she had for him (Sparks 45). She results to choosing Noah and they live a happy life together, until when they die next to each other in the nursing home. The movie is creatively produced and directed with great film techniques all through the scenes. In particular, the presence of a narrator in a couple of scenes was significant in presenting the love story. This narration is applied stylistically to create a difference between the past and the present events (Sparks 56). The viewer can comprehend the themes easily with the help of this narration. The movie manages to preserve the emotions and sentiments of the characters through narration. The movie also highlights the two lovers reacting to each other roughly when angered. In particular, it is surprising to see the two lovers exchanging heartless words and further push and shove around as a mark of bitterness and rage. It is sad for the movie to allow this theme to be perceived as the best way lovers should react when angered. This is for the reason that not many people will desire to be in a relationship where fighting or violence towards each other is evident, all in the name of love. Conversely, the movie presents vivid pre-marital sex scenes. In particular, there are

Beta Blockers Properties Of Propranolol And Atenolol Biology Essay

Beta Blockers Properties Of Propranolol And Atenolol Biology Essay Abstract This essay reports the properties of propranolol (lipophilic ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker) and atenolol (hydrophilic ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker) in the point of view of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and physical chemistry. It is observed that their pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties are different, but its physicochemical properties are relative close. Introduction to ÃŽ ²-blockers The ÃŽ ²-blockers are drugs which act by blocking the effect of mediators and agonists on the relevant receptors. The ÃŽ ²-blockers show an antihypertensive effect, which is caused by reduced cardiac output, decreased release of renin, central decrease of sympathetic action. Also, they exhibit an antianginal effect, which is caused by slowing of the heart rate and thus decreased metabolic demand. The main side effects of general ÃŽ ²-blockers are cardiac failure, such as cardiac depression, hypotension, sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular block. The side effects depend on the properties of ÃŽ ²-blockers. For instance, non-selective ÃŽ ²-blockers show the unwanted effects caused by blocking ÃŽ ²2-receptor. These show bronchoconstriction which is potentially life-threatening in asthmatic patients and clinically undesirable in patients with other respiratory problems. Lipophilic ÃŽ ²-blockers may cause psychological symptoms, such as depression. There are some important factors in the selection of ÃŽ ²-blockers, which are ISA, MSA, ÃŽ ²1-selectivity, lipophilicity, solubility, and the duration of effects. The ÃŽ ²2-selective blockers are not used clinically, because of causing bronchoconstriction. Some ÃŽ ²-blockers show the effect of not only blocking the receptors, but also stimulating ÃŽ ²-receptors. It depends on the situation whether ISA positive ÃŽ ²-blockers stimulate or block ÃŽ ²-receptors. For example, these act as ÃŽ ²-blockers under the existence of ÃŽ ²-agonists. On the other hand, these invigorate the receptors under the non-existence of ÃŽ ²-agonists. Such an effect is termed ISA which is intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. The drugs which have ISA decrease the side effects caused by ÃŽ ²-blockers. The non-selective blocks of ÃŽ ²-receptors cause the increase in cardiac afterload and bronchocostriction, because of ÃŽ ²2-blocking. The ÃŽ ²1-selective drugs slightly have the effect of ÃŽ ²2-blocking, but the ris k of causing cardiac afterload and bronchoconstriction is lower than that of non-selective ÃŽ ²-blockers. The duration of effects depends on the disease. Long acting ÃŽ ²-blockers are desirable for hypertension and heart failure, because of the low frequency of administration. In contrast, short acting ÃŽ ²-blockers, propranolol, are ideal drugs for angina, because of the fast onset of action. As I stated above, lipophilic ÃŽ ²-blockers have a risk of causing depression. The reason is such drugs are absorbed easily, so can penetrate BBB. MSA, membrane stabilising activity, is an activity which prevents sodium ions from entering inside of cells. Many ÃŽ ²-blockers, such as propranolol, have the activity, so these are useful for arrhythmia. The properties of propranolol Propranolol is a non-selective ÃŽ ²-blocker, which is clinically used as propranolol hydrochloride. The IUPAC name is (2RS)-1-(1-Methylethyl) amino-3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy) propan-2-ol monohydrochlorid. The molecular weight is 295.80, and the melting point is around 165 degrees. It is white crystalline powder, and it is easy to dissolve in water and methanol. Also, the methanol solution doesnt exhibit optical activity. Its structural formula is following. Propranolol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its plasma level reach a peak, 42.9ng/ml, after 1.5 hours of administration. The half life is approximately 3.9 hours. The metabolism of propranolol is mainly conducted by the liver, so it is metabolised to naphthoxylactic acid, glucuronic acid conjugate, and 4-Hydroxypropranolol. It is mainly metabolised by CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19. As I discussed above, propranolol can penetrate BBB and transition to the brain, because of lipophilic. Its dosage amount is mostly excreted in urine within 48 hours, and the rest is excreted in faeces, which is just less than 4 percentages. Its pharmacological actions include an antihypertensive effect, an antianginal effect, and MSA. Propranolol doesnt show ISA in the experiment with using rats, so it is considered that propranolol doesnt show human ISA as well as rats. Some side effects have been reported, such as, bronchoconstriction, slowing of heart rate, and allergic. These days, a new si de effect is becoming popular, which is mental symptoms, such as depression, nightmare, and insomnia. There is the drug-drug interaction in propranol. For instance, propranolol cant use with thioridazine which is a psychotropic drug, especially for integration dysfunction symptom. The reason is the side effect of thioridazine is likely to happen, because of preventing propranolol from being metabolised thioridazine by enzymes in the liver. In the same way, propranolol cant use with rizatriptan which is a drug for migraine. Combination use with propranolol and rizatoriptan induce the extension of half life of and the increase of AUC, so increase the side effects. Also, it is essential to avoid administering rizatoriptan within 24 hours of administration of propranolol for the same reason. Its package leaflet approved by US Food and Drug Administration warns. Therefore, its administration should not be stopped suddenly. Above statement is one of the most important warnings in the usage of propranolol. Properties of atenolol Atenolol is a ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker without showing MSA and ISA, which is used for hypertension, angina, and cardiac dysrhythmias. It is sold as TENORMIN in the market. The IUPAC name is 2-(4-{(2RS)-2-Hydroxy-3-[(1-methylethyl) amino] propyloxy} phenyl) acetamide. The molecular weight is 266.34, and the melting point is around 155 degrees. It is white or light yellow crystalline powder, and it is easy to dissolve in water and methanol as well as propranolol. In addition, the methanol solution doesnt exhibit optical activity. Its structural formula is following. Atenolol is almost half absorbed from gastrointestinal tract, and the rest enter systemic circulation without getting first pass effect on the liver. Its half life is approximately 7 hours. Atenolol is little metabolised in the liver, but some are metabolised to glucuronic acid conjugate. The data shows that atenolol is low distribution to brain compared to proranolol, because its drug is hydrophilic. Therefore, it has been reported that atenolol hardly have an influence on mental symptom unlike propranolol. The excretion of oral atenolol is approximately 50% in urine and faeces respectively, but 90% of them are not metabolised. As I stated above, atenolol is a ÃŽ ²1-selective blocker, so it is little to affect bronchial tubes which is controlled by ÃŽ ²2-receptor. However, the data have been reported atenolol inhibit ÃŽ ²2-receptor at high dose. Its side effects are almost the same as propranolol. The main difference between atenolol and propranolol is the incidence of tracheal symp toms, such as bronchoconstriction and bronchial spasm. Propranolol blocks ÃŽ ²-receptors non- selectively, so causes different tracheal symptoms. In contrast, atenolol inhibits ÃŽ ²1-receptors selectively, so barely makes such symptoms happen. The sudden cessation of therapy with atenolol has a possibility of causing cardiac diseases for specific patients. Its leaflet approved by FDA cautions, The properties of ÃŽ ²-blockers in obese patients These days, the number of obese people is increasing due to high calorie foods and the decrease of exercise. It is common for obese patients to take drug therapy in clinical practice, because obesity is connected with many diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is important to identify pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties in obese patients. Jerzy Wojcickia studied the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties between propranolol and atenolol in obese patients. As a result, he concluded following. Conclusion In summary, there are some differences between propranolol and atenolol from the point of view of pharmacology, because of the difference of selectivity of ÃŽ ²-receptor. In the same way, there are some pharmacokinetic differences as well, such as the duration of half life and the mechanism of metabolism and excretion. In contrast, their physicochemical properties are similar. In clinical use, there are some warnings respectively, and the common cautions are to avoid sudden discontinuation of administration. Its dosage should be progressively decreased over a few weeks in order to avoid such side effects. I studied the characters between these ÃŽ ²-blockers in obese patients. In the study, it was not observed there are the obvious differences between obese patients and non-obese patients

Astro Monopoly Essay

Watching television has become a basic necessity among the people from all walks of life in today’s affluent society. In globalize era by today, the amount of satellite television provider has increase vigorously in the world. But Astro is still the one and only satellite television provider available in our country, Malaysia. (Wikipedia)The definition of Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator. Astro is Malaysia’s leading integrated cross-media group with operations in 4 key businesses: Pay TV, Radio, Content and Digital. It also transmits digital satellite television and radio to household in Malaysia and Brunei. (Astro)They launched in 1996, and today they have 50% penetration of TV homes in Malaysia, making it a key pay TV operator in Southeast Asia. Astro has also appreciated customer input and feedback and they can continuously strive to provide quality service and products to customers. (Astro)The People’s Choice, Astro was also awarded the â€Å"Brand of the Year† award at Malaysia’s Putra Brand Awards 2012. This award is in recognition of Astro’s efforts to exemplify innovation, quality, and strong corporate social responsibilities. Now Astro has nearly increased in a base of 3.1 million. Therefore, it is fairly obvious that viewer in our country has no chance to choose the other satellite television provider. (Lim)What is the reason that makes Astro able to monopolize Malaysian’s satellite television industry? This is due to the reason that they are the only company that get the permission and license to broadcast by the government of Malaysia. To further illustrate this point, they have the ability to set the price of their service because they are the price maker in the industry. As they are the price maker, sometimes the customers are not satisfied about the high price they set with the limited choice of package to choose from. In some package that subscribers purchased, there are always some channels that they are not interested in but are made to pay for it. (Times)According to the recent article published in ‘New Straits Times’ in 2011 in George Town, The Consumers Association of Penang has questioned the monopoly enjoyed by Astro and wants the government to explain why the pay television operator had been given an exclusive licence for 20 years. (Times)CAP president S.M. Mohamed Idris said the monopoly enjoyed by Astro had snuffed out the chances of other satellite channel operators from entering the market and providing better service to consumers. He said in other countries, viewers had several operators offering programmes at lower rates than Astro. He also said the combination of channels in the family package offered by Astro was too rigid and few channels were likely to be of interest to any particular demography of society. He said the government should encourage new pay-TV operators and allow TV accessories to be sold in the free market like in other countries. Meanwhile, in an immediate response, an Astro public relations department spokesperson said the company would refer CAP’s concern to its management for further deliberation. (Lim) (Astro)Another point that related to Astro’s monopoly is the barriers to entry. It is very hard to stop Astro’s monopoly in the satellite television industry. Many new firms fail to enter the industry as the investment is too high for them. The new firm would need to pay for their own satellite which costly for them. Even if there is a firm that has sufficient capital for their investment, they still failed to enter the industry due to the directive of government. As a conclusion, Astro is still remaining customer’s top choice nowadays. It is because no other satellite television provider can substitute Astro. The people around the country have also accepted Astro as part and parcel in their lives. For my experience with Astro, my family have subscribed to Astro since I am six. Astro brought many advantage that as I can watch many variety of show and it also help to reduce my boredom. But now, we are using Astro B.yond PVR. It is convenient as it is a personal video recorder. We can record the videos that we want to watch while we are away. However, Astro have satisfied customer’s needs and wants to prolong the lifespan of the company. It is very difficult to stop Astro’s monopoly in the satellite television industry as it is the only satellite television in our country and no other firms can substitute it so far.

Diversity – Gender and education Factors such as ethnicity, economic status and gender can affect educational outcomes

Factors such as ethnicity, economic status and gender can affect educational outcomes (Hughes, 1991). The 1944 Education Act promotes equality for children in school. In spite of this, it has been suggested that girls persistently tend to have different educational outcomes from boys (Hughes, 1991). There are many complex explanations linked not only to the educational process throughout history but additionally to social influence. The way in which children create their gender roles has an impact on the way they identify themselves and others. Stereotyping can impact on the way practitioners view children and can lead to discriminatory practice. It is vital to consider the hidden curriculum for unintentional signs of discrimination. Knowledge of legislation and initiatives that protect children's rights to an education irrespective of difference is of significance. As is the ways in which practitioners can promote equality. Through the use of key texts and the theories of experts it is possible to comprehend the impact that gender can have on learning and development. In the nineteenth century characteristics such as class, race and gender were detrimental factors which decided the form of education a child received. Hughes (1991) suggests this is due to the educator's role being to ensure each individual would be equipped to fulfil their predetermined role. Early attempts at access to education for all were frowned upon by those in power, fearing that the ‘the masses would get ideas above their station' (Hughes, 1991, P. 9). Schooling for girls was seen in relation to their domestic role. It was also considered that girls needed to conserve their energy for childrearing rather than mental activity (Hughes, 1991). Upper-class males attended private and independent schools, where they were moulded to become the elite. Their sisters however, though still received an education, were taught at home. Society's views on education differed for boys and girls at all social levels (Hughes, 1991). According to Charles (2002) the education system was designed to prepare children for adult life, which was gender as well as class segregated. The 1944 Education Act was centred on equality of opportunity. This involved for the first time, compulsory education for all that was free until the age of fourteen. However, inequality referred heavily to class disadvantage (Charles, 2002). The curriculum became gendered with the view that girls would concentrate on the ‘domestic subjects' while boys would practice the ‘technical subjects' (Charles, 2002). However, there has been much debate as to the reason for suggested differences in educational outcomes relating to gender. Yeo and Lovell (1998) suggest that females attain better outcomes in primary education, with emphasis in literacy and language. They state that research conducted in the 1990's suggests girls are motivated, ambitious and interested in long term education. In contrast boys were seen as low in motivation, self-esteem and concentration. One suggested explanation being the introduction of equal opportunity initiatives to encourage girls to pursue subjects previously associated as ‘male dominated'. Practitioners were also encouraged to increase awareness of methods to enhance girl's interest in education. According to Yeo and Lovell (1998) these changes were directly influenced by the transformation in the labour market, from being male dominated to increasingly more equal. As a consequence, it seems that boys are now underachieving in school. However, Skelton and Francis (2003) suggest the cause for this apparent difference in attainment is not straightforward. According to Charles there is evidence to suggest that this is not a new theory. Relating back to the 11+ exam, in which girls needed a higher score than boys to gain entry into grammar school. Skelton and Francis (2003) suggest that the view that ‘boys are underachieving' is now being challenged. They suggest the gap between boys and girls in standards of literacy, english and modern languages remains large. Nevertheless, SAT's (Standardised Assessment Tests) results show that boys and girls are showing increased performance on a yearly basis (Skelton and Francis, 2003). However, it is not only a case of boys versus girls. Not all boys ‘underachieve' and not all girls are ‘high flyers' (Skelton and Francis, 2003). There are class and ethnicity influences to consider (See Appendix One). Feminist research claims that it is the way boys construct their gender roles that ultimately leads to their dissociation from subjects traditionally determined as feminine such as literacy. However, many non-feminist commentators suggest that the high proportion of female teachers at primary level is responsible for boys learning needs being overlooked. Their suggested solution to the gender gap is to increase the number of male primary school teachers to provide positive role models linked with education. According to Skelton and Francis (2003) there appears to be no evidence to suggest that boys will perceive male teachers in a positive light, or that this will impact on their achievement. It has only been since 1975 when education was included in the Sex Discrimination Act that gender equality in schools has been highlighted (Nixon, 2005). However, the process in which children construct their gender roles is thought to be highly complex suggesting that equality between boys and girls is still being considered (Skelton and Francis, 2003). The nature, nurture debate surrounding individual differences in areas such as gender has affected equality in education (Hughes, 1991). It is fundamental to distinguish between ‘sex' and ‘gender'. According to Cole (2005) a persons ‘sex' is related their biological make up. Gross (2005) states that sex and ethnicity are viewed by some as biological factors which can determine levels of intelligence and attainment in school. However, there are environmental issues to consider with reference to socialisation leading to ‘gender' roles (Charles, 2002). Numerous surveys have suggested that boys and girls are treated differently from the day they are born (Hughes, 1991). Oakley (1972, as cited in Charles, 2002) argues that there are too many variations in gender roles for the social differences between males and females to be innate. According to Charles (2002) parenting in Britain is still gendered, with fatherhood being associated with the role of supporting the family financially and motherhood with caring. As a consequence Hughes (1991) believes that many children have a clear understanding of what it may mean to be a boy or a girl, and the expectations which are attached to this. For example, Belotti (1975, as cited in Hughes, 1991) suggests that boys learn to suppress their emotions, a consequence of believing that it is not acceptable for boys to cry. This power over construction of values and beliefs has a direct influence on how children identify themselves and others. Siraj-Blatchford (2001, P. 96) suggests ‘every adult and other child has the power to affect each child's behaviour, actions, interactions, learning outcomes and beliefs'. Therefore, influences can come from parents, siblings, peers, educational settings but also the media. This view is backed by Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model which shows how the environment can influence a child's development (Feinstein et al, 2004). Feinstein et al (2004) suggests education has a significant role to play in influencing the factors which can affect children's attainment. Bandura's (1977) social learning theory suggests that children can learn indirectly through observation and imitation of others (Walkup, 2004). Therefore, children may relate to the way others whom they identify with are treated in society. In the process of developing an identity, children can distance themselves from others they deem as different to them or their ‘group' (Siraj-Blatchford, 2001). Kenway (date unknown, as cited in Bond, 2000) suggests that it is not until the age of seven that children view their gender as fixed. Younger children can believe certain activities or behaviour will dictate their gender (Bond, 2000). Siraj-Blatchford (2001) believes without challenge to this way of thinking, children may carry on believing in stereotypes such as, ‘only boys play football and only girls read books'. If children are left to believe in negative images which they relate to their identity, they can become self-fulfilling (Siraj-Blatchford, 2001). Willan at al (2004) suggests it is the practitioner's responsibility to understand and implement legislation to promote equality. The Humans Rights Act 1998 prohibits discrimination in the United Kingdom under the European Convention on Human Rights. The Children Act 1989 (2004) also emphasises the rights of children in society to equal opportunities and protection from unfair treatment through discriminatory practice (Wilan et al, 2004). Internationally, these rights are addressed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The Education Act (1988) then provides the legal framework for equality in schools. This protection for children must be implemented appropriately to provide equality and inclusion (Wilan et al, 2004). There has been an increased awareness in gender stereotyping since the Sex Discrimination Act was updated in 1986. The National Curriculum states that practitioners ‘should be aware of the requirements of equal opportunities legislation that covers race, gender and disability' (DfEE/QCA, 1999, P31). Malik (2003) suggests that without equality of opportunity there cannot be provision of quality early childhood education. To ensure that discriminatory practice does not transpire it is essential for practitioners to consider their own beliefs and values (Willan et al, 2004). In order to promote equal opportunities practitioners need to become aware of and deconstruct their own stereotypical thinking (Wilan et al, 2004). Malik (2003) suggests that stereotyping in a negative way can damage children's perceptions of themselves and others, denying them the chance to fulfil their potential. Stereotyping can lead to prejudice through preconceived ideas, it is this type of attitude that that often results in discriminatory practice (Malik, 2003). Haberman (1995, as cited in Cole, 2005) suggests that practitioners can follow five concepts order to overcome prejudice (See Appendix Two). It is through awareness of differences in people or groups that stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination can occur. However, it is also through valuing difference that inclusion and equality can be promoted (Malik, 2003). Malik (2003) suggests all children are different, not just through gender, social class or ethnicity but in every way. Individuality must be valued and encouraged. It is through developing this ethos in an educational setting that children can be taught to perceive difference as their own uniqueness but not their value (Malik, 2003). The National Curriculum details the promotion of self-esteem and emotional well-being as significant for children to value and respect themselves and others (DfEE/QCA, 1999). According to Maslow (1954, as cited in Bentham, 2002) self esteem is required before the process of learning can develop. Jean Piaget (1886-1980) states that children learn from their environment and through their own experiences (Walkrup, 2004). Therefore, the environment can be used to provide positive images of role models to children, through books, posters, equipment, role play areas, dressing up clothes and other resources. Children should be offered a wide range of activities and organisation for group activities by sex should be avoided (Skelton and Francis, 2003). Adults in the environment must be aware of appropriate communication to promote inclusion, but can also provide challenges to discriminatory behaviour in children by providing examples of equality. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) believed that children learn through social interactions, and Bruner (1983) suggests learning can be developed through scaffolding (Walkrup, 2004). Therefore, it may be useful to invite visitors into the setting, to show diversity in the community, and to promote partnerships with parents(Rice, 2005). The Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE, 2000 as cited in Rice, 2005, P. 76) suggests that educational settings should not see diversity as a problem but as ‘a rich resource to support the learning of all'. However, practitioners should be aware of conflict between anti-discriminatory practice and the beliefs and values of the family (Hughes, 1991). According to Hughes (1991) it is important to incorporate equal opportunities and inclusion in planning the curriculum to ensure that it is fully integrated. The National Curriculum states that inclusion should be implemented right across the curriculum, guaranteeing a full and rounded entitlement to learning for all children (DfEE/QCA, 1999). However, not all discrimination is intentional. The ethos of a setting can influence equality through the hidden curriculum. Policies setting out strategies and practice that reflects the aim of the setting as a whole to promote inclusion will assist in creating and equal ethos (Jones, 2004). Principles of good practice should be considered as a fundamental aspect of working with young children (Malik, 2003). The Key Elements of Effective Practice (KEEP) as outlined in the Primary National Strategy suggests practitioners can work with children and their families in a sensitive, positive and non-judgemental way (DfES, 2005). This can be achieved through knowledge of six areas considered key for effective practice (See Appendix Three). Clark et al (1990, as cited in Jones, 2004) suggests learning and growth can aspire through an interaction between policy and practice. CSIE (1999, as cited in Jones, 2004) suggests policies can be developed through six key areas (See Appendix Four). In providing children with an environment which promotes understanding, acceptance and respect for others, practitioners are creating a more tolerant and positive society for the future. Therefore, directly challenging inequalities that are prevalent today (Malik, 2003). According to Malik (2003) good practice means providing equal opportunities through applying responsibilities as a practitioner to support legislation, policy and codes of practice. The National Curriculum sets out clear guidelines for inclusion by giving all children the opportunities they need to achieve. The Foundation Stage Curriculum for three to five year olds also regards equal opportunities as highly significant (QCA, 2000). Providing constructive gender role models at the earliest opportunity will promote positive images for children. The importance of equal opportunities is a top priority for early years education therefore it is not left to chance. Ofstead (Office for Standards in Education) is the regulatory body for early years provision, care and education in England. It is their duty to enforce legislation and to guarantee that children are safe well and cared for in their setting. Ofstead also to ensure that children are offered activities which will provide them with learning opportunities (Kay and MacLeod-Brudenell, 2004). Early Years Development and Childcare Partnerships (EYDCP) work with agencies providing care and education for children from birth to five years. Their role is to ensure that all children have positive opportunities to fulfil their potential. The Every Child Matters initiative is seen as key by EYDCP in ensuring that all children have the chance to be happy, healthy and successful (Walker, 2006). The view that girls achieve higher in education than boys is much debated. The way in which gender roles are constructed and the process of socialisation is highly complex and is still being considered. In view of this, it is fundamental to understand that differences in educational outcomes focused on gender also have class and ethnicity elements to consider. However, it is understood that in order for practitioners to promote equality and challenge discriminatory ideology, it is first imperative to identify and deconstruct any negative stereotypical thinking. All children are at risk of inequality, intervention is necessary to promote inclusion and provide equal opportunities and chances for all children. Equality can be promoted through the curriculum hidden and overt and should be included within planning. The environment can be used as a resource for providing positive role models. However, it is important to understand the conflict between challenging discrimination and family values so as not to undermine the role of parents and carers. Supporting self-esteem through valuing and encouraging diversity can lead to better educational outcomes and will challenge discriminatory practice in society. It is the practitioner's role to implement legislation and equal opportunity initiatives to protect children's rights. It is through incorporating elements of good practice and legislation that equality can be promoted in an educational setting. Therefore ensuring that access to quality education is not determined by gender, class or ethnicity.

Perl Array chop() and chomp() Function - Quick Tutorial

Perls chop and chomp functions can often be a source of confusion. Not only do they sound similar, they do similar things. Unfortunately, there is a critical difference—​chop removes the last character of the string completely, while chomp only removes the last character if it is a newline. Chomping $myName cuts off the last newline, leaving just Jacob. Once its been chomped, further chomping wont do anything at all. Chopping the name, however, will result in the last character being removed, leaving Jaco: Chomping and chopping an array results each element being acted on, and can be a real time saver. So remember - Chop chops off the last character without question or regret. Chomp only removed the newline, leaving the string itself intact. Chomp does not remove all whitespace characters by default. In fact, by default, chomp only removes what is currently defined as the $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR. If your goal is to trim all whitespace from the end of your string, try using a regex like this one submitted by a reader: